<p>The Western Hotel opened in 1892. Located on 7th Avenue in Ouray, Colorado, USA, it was built near the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad&#39;s Passenger Station. It is one of the few remaining examples of a wood-frame hotel from the 1880s that remain today. The building was purchased by Zeppelin Development in 2021 and underwent major renovations.</p><br>
<p>This structure is a contributing property of the Ouray Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Integratron is a 38 ft tall cupola structure with a diameter of 55 ft designed by ufologist and contactee George Van Tassel. Van Tassel claimed the Integratron was capable of rejuvenation, anti-gravity and time travel. He built the structure in Landers, California , following instructions that Van Tassel vehemently claimed were provided directly to him by visitors from the planet Venus. The Integratron machine was started in 1957, the structure erected in 1959. It was financed predominantly by donations, including funds from Howard Hughes.</p><br>
<p>After Van Tassel&#39;s death in 1978, the building had a series of owners (and was left in various states of disrepair) before sisters Joanne, Nancy, and Patty Karl bought it in the early 2000s. The sisters promote the Integratron as an "acoustically perfect structure", and offer "sound baths" they describe as "...meditation-like sessions accompanied by tones from 22 quartz crystal bowls, creating binaural beats for relaxation and rejuvenation". The building is now a part of the National Historic Register, and continues to be stewarded by the Karl sisters and their adult children.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>George Van Tassel was a former aircraft mechanic and flight inspector who moved to California&#39;s Mojave Desert to operate an airport and inn. While there, he began meditating under Giant Rock, which the Native Americans of the area held sacred. In August 1953, Van Tassel claimed he had been contacted both telepathically and later in person by people from space, who gave him a technique to rejuvenate human cell tissue. Acting on these instructions, Van Tassel began constructing the Integratron in 1954. Construction costs were partly paid for by an annual series of successful UFO conventions, the Giant Rock Spacecraft Conventions, which continued for nearly 25 years. The main structure&#39;s construction was complete circa 1959, but Van Tassel continued to work on the device until his sudden death in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Claims</h2><br>
<p>According to Van Tassel, the Integratron&#39;s workings rely on the generation of strong "intermittent magnetic fields" resulting in the generation of plasma in the form of a coronal discharge and negative air ionization inside the building. The Integratron is based on the Multiple Wave Oscillator, invented by Georges Lakhovsky, a combination of a high voltage Tesla coil and a split-ring resonator that generates ultra wideband electromagnetic frequencies (EMF). Van Tassel speculated that electromagnetism affects biological cells, and believed that every biological cell has a unique resonant EMF. According to van Tassel, the generation of strong ultra wideband EMF by the Integratron "resonates" with the cell&#39;s frequency and "recharges" the cellular structure as if it were an electrical battery. Van Tassel claimed that human cells "rejuvenated" while inside the structure. Van Tassel also claimed the Integratron is intentionally constructed atop a powerful geomagnetic anomaly and its construction is entirely of non-ferromagnetic materials, the equivalent to a modern radome.</p><br>
<h2>Modern uses</h2><br>
<p>After Van Tassel died, there was a proposal to turn the Integratron into a disco, but that plan was never realized. The Integratron&#39;s new owners operate it as a tourist attraction and offer "sound baths" where groups of people are "exposed to harmonic sound frequencies" produced by quartz bowls, claimed to have a deep calming effect. According to one of the structure&#39;s docents, the Integratron is an "acoustically perfect sound chamber".</p><br>
<p>The Integratron was added to the National Register of Historic Places in April 2018.</p><br>
<p>The English indie rock band Arctic Monkeys recorded part of their song "Secret Door" at the Integratron in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Roshek Brothers Department Store was a large retail store in downtown Dubuque, Iowa. The company was founded by J.J.and F.H. Roshek. In its prime, Roshek&#39;s was the primary shopping destination in Dubuque and was the largest department store in the state of Iowa. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rosheks operated for more than 40 years in a 9-story building at 700 Locust Street in Dubuque. The building was built in two halves beginning in August 1929. Originally the whole building was to be finished within a year, but as of the fall of 1931, only the north half was finished. Wholly completed in 1932, the building is a block long and half a block wide and is the tallest building in Dubuque. It replaced two four-story buildings, the former Rider-Wallis dry goods building, located on the south half of the same block (demolished to complete this building), and a smaller four-story Roshek building across the alley immediately east, which was located on the southwest corner of Eighth and Main streets, which was later occupied by Montgomery Ward. The buildings architect was Charles Wheeler Nicol (1888-1953), a noted regional designer of major hotels and school buildings. This was and remains the state&#39;s largest building to be used as a department store.</p><br>
<p>Other department stores were also located downtown. In the 1960s, prior to the construction of Kennedy Mall, Stampfers was on the northeast corner of Eighth and Main streets. J.C. Penney was on the west side of Main Street, just north of Stampfers.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s Rosheks decided to move their operations to smaller quarters at Kennedy Mall, a regional shopping center on the western edge of the city. Rosheks became one of the malls anchor tenants, along with Montgomery Ward and Younkers, a Des Moines department store which made its first appearance in Dubuque when the mall was built. The new Rosheks store opened in 1970. The Roshek family subsequently sold the store to Gamble-Skogmo, Inc. The store closed in 1982. Today what was originally Roshek&#39;s space in the mall was occupied by two other department stores, Sears and Younkers.</p><br>
<p>After Roshek&#39;s moved from downtown, the former department store was converted into an office building. For most of the time since conversion, it has been known as the Dubuque Building, except for a period of several years when it was called CyCare Plaza. Now it is called The Roshek Building.</p><br>
<p>On January 15, 2009, IBM announced that it will move into the building, creating a new technology service center with 1,300 employees after improving the building to make it a LEED-certified building The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 17, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Wrights Opera House, sometimes referred to as Wrights Hall, was constructed in 1888 and is located at 472 Main Street in Ouray, Colorado. For many years after the mining bust and subsequent end of performances it was used as a multi-use building for presentations and community events. From 1979 to 1996 it was the home of the San Juan Odyssey, a multimedia presentation narrated by eventual Ouray mayor Bill Fries. Around the year 2000 it was converted into a movie theater which operated until late 2006. Currently it serves as a movie house and performing arts and special events rental venue.</p><br>
<p>This structure is a contributing property to the Ouray Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Trombly House is located at 553 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It is more commonly known as the Beaubien House, and is currently the headquarters of the Michigan Architectural Foundation and the American Institute of Architects of Michigan. The building is one of the oldest remaining houses in Detroit, and was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1975 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Beaubien House is built on the site of one of Detroit&#39;s original ribbon farms, owned by Antoine Beaubien. The farm had a quarter of a mile frontage on the river, but which ran nearly three miles inland. Beaubien was a Colonel in the Detroit Militia and received the patent certificate for his land in 1810.</p><br>
<p>In June 1850, just before his death, Antoine Beaubien sold lot 8 on Jefferson to Charles J. Trombly for the sum of $2,000. Trombly was Beaubien&#39;s cousin and a recent graduate of Georgetown College. The consensus among historians is that the house was built by Trombly sometime during 1851 for use by Trombly and his new wife.</p><br>
<p>Over the next two decades, the house was owned or rented by multiple families. These include some of the city&#39;s oldest and most familiar names, such as McClelland, Cicotte, Whipple, Chapoton, Campau, and Beecher, among others. In 1872, the house was sold to John F. Antisdel, whose family owned or rented the home until 1943 (save a five-year period when William H. Machen lived in the home).</p><br>
<p>After World War II, ownership records are spotty. In 1956, photographer Fred A. Plofchan rented the house; he bought it in 1965. During this time, plumbing lines were extended to the upper levels, which were rented as studio apartments, and the house was used as a combination of office and residential space. The Michigan Architectural Foundation later rented the building, completely renovating it in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is constructed of brick and sits on a fieldstone foundation. Walls are constructed of plaster over 2" X 6" studs. The house has a full basement and three floors above. The first floor consists of a front parlor with a marble manteled fireplace, and two smaller rooms, one of which was likely a dining room. Both the second and third floors had two rooms.</p><br>
<p>860–880 Lake Shore Drive is a twin pair of glass-and-steel apartment towers on N. Lake Shore Drive along Lake Michigan in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Construction began in 1949 and the project was completed in 1951. The towers were added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1980, and were designated as Chicago Landmarks on June 10, 1996. The 26-floor, 254-ft  tall towers were designed by the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and dubbed the "Glass House" apartments. Construction was by the Chicago real estate developer Herbert Greenwald, and the Sumner S. Sollitt Company. The design principles were copied extensively and are now considered characteristic of the modern International Style as well as essential for the development of modern high-tech architecture.</p><br>
<p>The towers were not entirely admired at the time they were built, yet they went on to be the prototype for steel and glass skyscrapers worldwide. Initially, it was difficult to acquire financing for the project, turned down by lenders like Baird & Warner, who considered the design scheme to be too extreme. 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments embody a Modernistic tone with their verticality, grids of steel and glass curtain walls (a hallmark of Mies&#39; skyscrapers), and complete lack of ornamentation. Tenants had to accept the neutral gray curtains that were uniform throughout the buildings; no other curtains or blinds were permitted lest they mar the external appearance. Since Mies was a master of minimalist composition, his principle was "less is more" as it is demonstrated in his self-proclaimed "skin and bones" architecture.</p><br>
<p>The structural engineer for the project was Georgia Louise Harris Brown, who was the first African American to receive an architecture degree from the University of Kansas, and the second African American woman to receive an architecture license in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>This building, like many of his Chicago high-rise structures, caused controversy in the pure minimalist community due to its mullions. Mies is hailed as the father of "less is more&quot however, 860–880 Lake Shore Drive is covered in non-functional I-beam mullions. Mies explains how the mullions do not violate his less is more philosophy in a 1960 interview: "To me structure is something like logic. It is the best way to do things and express them". The mullions on his buildings reflect the inner structure and therefore give truth to the aesthetic of the building. The idea of truth in architecture aligns with the aesthetic and principles of the international style as taught at the Bauhaus.</p><br>
<p>Although the 860–880 buildings were the first high-rises to look like they were sheathed with a curtain wall, they in fact were not, because the windows were attached to the structure, not to the decorative-only mullions. It was van der Rohe&#39;s 900-910 North Lake Shore (aka Esplanade Apartments) just to the north that were the first high-rises to actually have an uninterrupted glass/aluminum curtain wall, although not the first with a curtain wall.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>Krueck and Sexton Architects of Chicago were commissioned to renovate the historical towers. Teaming up with them were the preservation architects, Harboe Architects and the forensic and structural analysis firm, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. They were directed to fix prior renovations which took away from the historical accuracy of the towers. Architects were assigned to restore the distorted lighting scheme with original translucent glass, replace the deteriorating travertine plaza, which connects the two towers, and exchange for stones with more historical precision.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The buildings were finished in 1951 and were featured in a 1957 article in Life Magazine on Mies.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 they became the first buildings designed by Mies van der Rohe to receive Chicago Landmark Status.</p><br>
<p>The glass towers have been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980.</p><br>
<p>In June 2005, the United States Postal Service included the towers in the commemorative stamp program, Masterworks of Modern Architecture, wherein they were listed as one of the "12 outstanding examples of modern buildings".</p><br>
<p>In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, 860–880 Lake Shore Drive was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois).</p><br>
<h2>Figures and statistics</h2><br>
<p>The twin towers are 26 stories high.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are 46 feet apart.</p><br>
<p>The steel skeletal frames rest on a 21-foot grid and are uniform in their design.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally designed for 860 to contain 90 three bedroom apartments and 880 to hold 158 one bedroom apartments. Many of the units have been combined to enlarge living spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Zoned schools</h2><br>
<p>Residents are zoned to Chicago Public Schools. Residents are zoned to Ogden School and Wells Community Academy High School.</p><br>
<p>The Clermont State Historic Site, also known as the Clermont estate, the Clermont Manor or just Clermont, is a New York State Historic Site in southwestern Columbia County, New York, United States. It protects</p><br>
<p>the former estate of the Livingston family, seven generations of whom lived on the site over more than two centuries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Clermont derives from "clear mountain" in French and was inspired by the view of the Catskill Mountains across the Hudson River from the estate.</p><br>
<p>The estate was established by Robert Livingston of the famous Livingston family following the death of his father, the first Lord of Livingston Manor, in 1728; while most of the manor was inherited by the eldest son Philip Livingston, 13,000 acre in the southwest corner, later named Clermont, was willed to Robert. The original house was built about 1740.</p><br>
<p>Robert Livingston of Clermont died on June 27, 1775, and the estate passed to his son, Robert, who was known as Judge Livingston to distinguish him from his father. Judge Livingston was a member of the New York General Assembly from 1759 to 1768, served as judge of the admiralty court from 1760 to 1763 and was a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress of 1765. He married Margaret Beekman, daughter of Colonel Henry Beekman. Their son, Robert R. Livingston, later known as "Chancellor", was a Founding Father of the United States and served on the Committee of Five that drafted the United States Declaration of Independence. Judge Robert died about six months after his father, on December 9, 1775.</p><br>
<h3>Burning and rebuilding</h3><br>
<p>In October 1777, British ships sailed upriver from New York City in support of General John Burgoyne who was north of Albany. That same force had already stormed two forts in the Hudson Highlands and burned Kingston, New York. Major General John Vaughan led a raiding party to Clermont and burned Livingstons home because of the familys role in the rebellion. Margaret Beekman Livingston rebuilt the family home between 1779 and 1782.</p><br>
<p>Robert R. Livingston became the estate&#39;s most prominent resident. Chancellor Livingston administered the oath of office to President George Washington, became Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and negotiated the Louisiana Purchase.</p><br>
<p>In 1793, Robert Livingston built a second mansion on the property, confusingly named "Clermont", which subsequently became known as both "Arryl House" and "Idele", which burned in 1909. The ruins of that house are still visible at the south end of the property.</p><br>
<p>He also partnered with Robert Fulton in 1807, to create the first commercially successful steamboat, the North River Steamboat, later known as the Clermont, which stopped at the house on its inaugural trip.</p><br>
<p>The homes final Livingston owners were John Henry Livingston and his wife Alice. They added to the home and greatly valued the homes important historical role.</p><br>
<p>Alice Livingston was responsible for creating many of the landscaped gardens that are continued to this day. Following John Henry&#39;s death, Alice turned the mansion and property over to the state in 1962 so that all the people of New York could experience it.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>The house is now a New York State Historic Site and was designated a United States National Historic Landmark in 1972. It is a contributing property to another National Historic Landmark, the Hudson River Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Although located in the town of Clermont, its mailing address is in the nearby town of Germantown.</p><br>
<p>El Presidio Real de Santa Bárbara, also known as the Royal Presidio of Santa Barbara, is a former military installation in Santa Barbara, California, United States. The presidio was built by Spain in 1782, with the mission of defending the Second Military District in California. In modern times, the Presidio serves as a significant tourist attraction, museum and an active archaeological site as part of El Presidio de Santa Barbara State Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>The park contains an original adobe structure called El Cuartel, which is the second oldest surviving building in California; only the chapel at Mission San Juan Capistrano, known as "Father Junípero Serra&#39;s Church", is older. The Presidio of Santa Barbara has the distinction of being the last military outpost built by Spain in the New World. The Presidio became a California Historical Landmark in 1958 and was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary setting and use</h2><br>
<p>The current El Presidio de Santa Barbara State Historic Park site sits between Anacapa and Garden Street on East Canon Perdido Street in downtown Santa Barbara. The main portion of the site is across the street from the Santa Barbara city Post Office, and is about two blocks from city hall, De la Guerra Plaza and two other museums, the Santa Barbara Historical Museum and the Casa de la Guerra and includes a reconstructed quadrangle with soldiers&#39; quarters and a chapel.</p><br>
<p>Only two portions of the original presidio quadrangle survive to this day: a remnant of the Cañedo Adobe, named for José María Cañedo, the Soldado de Cuera to whom it was deeded in lieu of back pay when the Presidio fell to inactivity, and the remnants of a two-room soldiers quarters, called El Cuartel. The Cañedo Adobe is currently serving as the visitor&#39;s center for the state park, and El Cuartel is largely unmodified. The site administrator, the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation (SBTHP), reconstructed the rest of the site, with the most recent construction—two rooms in the northwest corner of the site—finished in May 2006. The reconstruction is ongoing, with the more recent construction of two more rooms in the northwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The Presidio Chapel and courtyard were also completed during the construction of the quadrangle. The chapel is occasionally used for civic events such as musical concerts and lectures. Although not a canonical Roman Catholic oratory, Roman Catholic weddings are occasionally performed in the chapel with the permission of the local Roman Catholic Santa Barbara Pastoral Regional bishop.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the Presidio was chosen by Felipe de Neve, the fourth governor of Las Californias. Perceiving that the coast at Santa Barbara was vulnerable to attack, he located a spot near a harbor which was sheltered from severe storms. In addition, there was an ample supply of both building materials and water nearby. Construction began on April 21, 1782, and Padre Junípero Serra blessed the site. By the next year, a temporary facility had been completed, and a wheat field planted by the local Chumash Indians of Chief Yanonalit. The early Presidio consisted of mud and brush walls around a quadrangle 330 feet on a side. The post had 61 officers and men in 1783.</p><br>
<p>The first comandante, José Francisco Ortega, planned the fortifications and irrigation works. He obtained livestock for the presidio from Mission San Buenaventura, established orchards, and began large-scale farming. In 1784, Felipe de Goicoechea took over as comandante, supervising construction of the fortifications and living quarters for the soldiers and their families. Two years later, construction of the nearby Mission Santa Barbara began in 1786. The pueblo or town of Santa Barbara developed around the Presidio, which offered protection for the residents. The chapel in the Presidio was the primary place of worship for the residents of early Santa Barbara, until its destruction by the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. The mission, located a mile and a half inland, was mainly intended for use by the native Chumash (Barbareño) neophytes after their conversion to Catholicism.</p><br>
<p>The Presidio was built to standard plans for a Spanish colonial military headquarters, using locally available materials, so the buildings forming the outer square were constructed with thick, solid adobe outer walls. The main gate opened into an open parade ground/plaza in the center of the square. The chapel stood at the center of the back of the square, facing the gate across the plaza. While it was never attacked by a strong military force during its sixty years of operation, the Presidio was subject to the assaults of nature. Several devastating earthquakes in the early 19th century destroyed much of the structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1855 the Presidio Chapel grew into the Apostolic College of Our Lady of Sorrows, which soon became Our Lady of Sorrows Church at the corner of Figueroa and State Streets, and then at the corner of Anacapa and Sola streets in 1929. However, both still stand separately as vibrant churches of a richly Catholic history.</p><br>
<h2>Mexican–American War</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the Mexican–American War in Alta California, very little of the fortress remained in usable condition, and on December 27, 1846, John C. Frémont ascended San Marcos Pass during rainy weather and came up on the Presidio and the town from behind. The Presidio surrendered without a fight, as the garrison was far south in the Pueblo de Los Angeles. Frémont had heard that the Mexican army was lying in ambush for him at Gaviota Pass, the only other sensible route over the mountains at that time, and had crossed the difficult muddy track on San Marcos Pass to outflank them, but this move turned out not to have been necessary. Mexican General Andrés Pico later surrendered his force to Frémont, recognizing that the war was lost.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1963, the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation (SBTHP) was founded, with the primary mission of restoring the Presidio. In 1966, the land on which the Presidio is located became a State Historic Park. On December 27, 2006, the SBTHP renewed their ongoing agreement with the California State Parks Department to manage the Presidio. Work on the restoration is currently taking place. On November 26, 1973, the Presidio of Santa Barbara was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Presidio of Santa Barbara is a participating site of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, a National Park Service area in the United States National Trails System.</p><br>
<p>Monsignor McGolrick Park is located in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, in New York City, between Driggs Avenue to the south, Russell Street to the west, Nassau Avenue to the north, and Monitor Street to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land for the park was acquired by the city in 1889 and the park was open by 1891. It was originally named Winthrop Park after an assemblyman, Col. Winthrop Jones, who acquired the land for purchase and who happened to be the son of the Parks Commissioner. Jones died in 1890, shortly after the parks creation. In 1941 the park was renamed for Monsignor Edward J. McGolrick (1857-1938), the longtime pastor of nearby St. Cecilias Roman Catholic Church. Winthrop Jones had had no children, and so left no family in Greenpoint to oppose the renaming of the park he had helped establish. The park was used as a setting in the 2018 film, An Interview with God.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The classical brick and limestone Shelter Pavilion was built in 1910 by Helmle and Huberty. It was designated a New York City Landmark in 1966 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It was rehabilitated in 1985 when founder of Friends of McGolrick Park and at the time Greenpoint Community Coalition Leader Patricia Tambakis seen the decay (graffiti, broken bottles and litter) of the park while visiting with her child. She and other moms and members of the community started a petition to have the pavilion renovated.They planted flowers and shrubs etc. She applied for grants in order to restore and preserve the park so that everyone could enjoy the green space again.</p><br>
<p>West of the pavilion stands a bronze winged victory figure created by Carl Augustus Heber in 1923. The monument honors the 150 residents of Greenpoint, Brooklyn who fought in World War I. The statue depicts a female allegorical figure, holding aloft a modified laurel, a symbol of victory, and in her right hand supporting a large palm frond, a symbol of peace. The granite pedestal is inscribed with the names of battle sites in France. The monument was commissioned at a cost of $7,300 by the Greenpoint Memorial Association.</p><br>
<p>The Monitor and the Merrimac is a sculpture by Antonio de Filippo, which commemorates the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack. The USS Monitor was built nearby at the Continental Iron Works in Greenpoint and outfitted at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.</p><br>
<p>Lakewood Cemetery is a large private, non-sectarian cemetery located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It is located at 3600 Hennepin Avenue at the southern end of the Uptown area. It is noted for its chapel which is on the National Register of Historic Places and was modeled after the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>About 250 acres in size, Lakewood memorializes the dead with more than 200,000 monuments, markers and memorializations. Long considered one of the most beautiful cemeteries in the country, it was modeled after the rural cemeteries of 19th-century France, such as Père-Lachaise in Paris. When Lakewood was established in 1871 rural cemeteries were becoming more popular as part of a growing trend away from churchyard burials in the heart of the city.</p><br>
<p>In July 1871 Colonel William S. King, local businessman and newspaper publisher, proposed to community leaders of the city that they work together to establish a cemetery "on some of the beautiful locations out near the lakes, where the encroachments of the city would never seriously interfere." In August of the same year a meeting was held for establishing the Lyndale Cemetery Association (Changed to Lakewood in Feb of 1872). According to the minutes of the original meeting recorded by Thomas Lowry, "that after an examination of various localities they had chosen the land owned by William S. King lying between Lakes Calhoun and Harriet." Colonel King agreed to sell his land for the purpose at a cost of $21,000, "to be paid back over a year at 7 percent interest." The first trustees voted to raise $25,000 to purchase the land and make improvements at a time when the cost of a home in Minneapolis was about $500. The money was raised by selling 250 shares of stock at $100 a piece, two-thirds of which was purchased by the trustees themselves. The remaining balance was solicited by a committee and sold to other local investors. In April 1872 Superintendent A.B. Barton and the board of trustees employed C. W. Folsom, Superintendent of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts to develop plans for the new cemetery. In October 1872 the Association reacquired all stocks that had been sold to the public.</p><br>
<p>The public dedication of Lakewood was held on September 16, 1872, with "a large number of lots being selected at the close of the exercise by the citizens present." Many of the earliest lots sold in the 1870s-1880s remained unused until 1972 when they were reclaimed for resale to the public. The first person buried in Lakewood Cemetery was Maggie Menzel who died on January 24, 1872, at the age of nineteen.</p><br>
<p>Architect Harry Wild Jones designed the cemeterys chapel which began construction in August 1908. Built of the finest materials, the chapel seats about 200 and is renowned for its beauty and superb acoustics. The dome is 65 feet high with 24 stained glass windows inset its full circumference. Charles R. Lamb of New York orchestrated the design of the chapels interior mosaic artwork. Six highly skilled artists of Italy were enlisted to create 10 million tessellae in Venice, which were then shipped to Lakewood, where those same artists performed the arduous task of assembling them in the chapels interior. Completed in 1910, the chapels total cost of construction was $150,000. Lakewood Chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 20, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Cremation services were begun in 1910 and have continued to the present day. In 1965-67 a community mausoleum and columbarium was built with enough space for over 5000 crypts and niches. One of the buildings more notable features are the 24 eight-foot stained glass windows by Willet Stained Glass Studios of Philadelphia. A large reflecting pool just outside the mausoleums east side extends toward the garden crypt area and Lakewood&#39;s historic chapel nearby.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, a new Garden Mausoleum, designed by HGA Architects of Minneapolis, was opened alongside the reflecting pool, adding a further 879 crypts and 4,620 cremation niches.</p><br>
<p>Since its inception in 1872 Lakewood has continued to operate as a non-profit, non-denominational cemetery providing funeral services to the public. Many Minneapolis streets, parks, and monuments bear the names of the Lakewood&#39;s original founders &mdash; Thomas Lowry, William D. Washburn, and Charles M. Loring, to name a few. The cemetery itself memorializes many notable persons, including former Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, Civil War General Lewis A. Grant, and Senator Paul Wellstone who was killed in a plane crash in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Albert Abdallah (1878-1968), founder of Abdallah Candies</p><br>
<p>Cedric Adams (1902-1961), journalist and radio personality of Minnesota</p><br>
<p>Buzz Arlett (1899-1964), baseball player, sometimes known as the "Babe Ruth of the minor leagues."</p><br>
<p>William F. Beck (1904–1966), Bible translator</p><br>
<p>Thomas Gantz Cassady (1896–1972), World War I fighter ace</p><br>
<p>Curt Carlson (1914-1999), founder of Radisson Hotels</p><br>
<p>John Crosby (1828-1887), founder of the Washburn-Crosby Company, the forerunner to General Mills</p><br>
<p>H. David Dalquist (1918-2005), inventor of the Bundt pan, and founder of Nordic Ware</p><br>
<p>Ron Daws (1937-1992), one of three USA 1968 Mexico Olympic Marathon racers;</p><br>
<p>George Dayton (1857-1938), founder of Dayton Dry Goods, which became Target Corporation</p><br>
<p>William Hood Dunwoody (1841-1914), businessman, and Kate L. Dunwoody, founders of Dunwoody College of Technology</p><br>
<p>Steve Foley (1959-2008), drummer for The Replacements</p><br>
<p>William Watts Folwell (1833-1929), first president of the University of Minnesota</p><br>
<p>Orville Freeman (1918-2003), 29th Governor of Minnesota, Former US Secretary of Agriculture</p><br>
<p>Abram M. Fridley (1817-1892), politician and capitalist, after whom Fridley, Minnesota was named</p><br>
<p>Frances A. Genter (1898-1992), thoroughbred racehorse owner who won Americas two most important races, the 1990 Kentucky Derby and Breeders Cup Classic</p><br>
<p>Lewis A. Grant (1828-1918), American Civil War general and Assistant USA Secretary of War</p><br>
<p>Barton S. Hays (1826-1914), artist</p><br>
<p>Hubert H. Humphrey (1911-1978), Vice President of the United States, USA Senator</p><br>
<p>Muriel Humphrey (1912-1998), Second Lady of the United States, USA Senator</p><br>
<p>Isaac Wilson Joyce (1836-1905), Methodist bishop</p><br>
<p>Herbert Butros Khaury (1932 – 1996), also known as Tiny Tim, entertainer and musical archivist</p><br>
<p>William S. King (1828-1900), Republican USA Representative for Minnesota and journalist</p><br>
<p>Robert Koehler (1850-1917), painter and art teacher</p><br>
<p>B. Robert Lewis (1931-1979), first African American Minnesota state senator</p><br>
<p>Charles M. Loring (1833-1922), businessman, co-founder of Lakewood Cemetery</p><br>
<p>John Hugh MacMillan (1928-2008), businessman</p><br>
<p>Bobby Marshall (1880-1958), first African American to play football in Western Conference (later known as the Big 10),</p><br>
<p>Forrest Mars Sr. (1904-1999), creator of M&M&#39;s candy</p><br>
<p>Frank Clarence Mars (1882-1934), Mars, Incorporated founder</p><br>
<p>Maren Michelet (1869-1932), first teacher of Norwegian in any public high school in the United States and promoter of Scandinavian culture.</p><br>
<p>George Mikan (1924-2005), professional basketball player</p><br>
<p>Karl Mueller (1963-2005), Soul Asylum bassist</p><br>
<p>Della Whitney Norton (1840-1937), poet, author and Christian Scientist</p><br>
<p>Wallace George Nye (1859-1926), 25th Mayor of Minneapolis</p><br>
<p>Emil Oberhoffer (1867-1933), founder of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra</p><br>
<p>William Olander (1950-1989), senior curator at New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York City.</p><br>
<p>Floyd B. Olson (1891-1936), 22nd Governor of Minnesota</p><br>
<p>Bryan Ottoson (1978-2005), American Head Charge guitarist</p><br>
<p>Rudy Perpich (1928-1995), 34th and 36th Governor of Minnesota</p><br>
<p>Dave Peterson, coach of the United States men&#39;s national ice hockey team</p><br>
<p>Richard A. Peterson (1923-2000), American World War II flying ace and architect</p><br>
<p>John S. Pillsbury (1827-1901), eighth Governor of Minnesota, founder of the Pillsbury Company</p><br>
<p>Carl Pohlad (1915-2009), owner of the Minnesota Twins</p><br>
<p>James Sample (1910-1995), conductor of many orchestras including the Oregon Symphony</p><br>
<p>Sibyl Sanderson (1864-1903). famous American operatic soprano during the Parisian Belle Époque.</p><br>
<p>George M. Scott (1922-2006), MN Supreme Court Justice, Hennepin County Attorney, candidate for MN Governor</p><br>
<p>Clifford D. Simak (1904-1988), American science fiction writer</p><br>
<p>Lena Olive Smith, first black female lawyer</p><br>
<p>John Pillsbury Snyder (1888-1959), RMS Titanic survivor, and grandson of John S. Pillsbury</p><br>
<p>Harriet G. Walker (1841-1917), president of Northwestern Hospital, now part of Allina Hospitals & Clinics</p><br>
<p>T. B. Walker (1840-1928), lumberman and art collector, founder of Walker Art Center</p><br>
<p>Paul Wellstone (1944-2002), US senator for Minnesota</p><br>
<p>Lyle Wright, (1898–1963) businessman, events promoter, United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductee</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery of notables</h2><br>
<h2>Other images</h2><br>
<p>The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club was a Pennsylvania corporation that operated an exclusive and secretive retreat at a mountain lake near South Fork, Pennsylvania. Its members were more than 50 extremely wealthy industrialists and their families. Most were based in Pittsburgh, the center of steel and related industries.</p><br>
<p>The club owned the South Fork Dam and an associated reservoir. The earthen dam failed on May 31, 1889, causing the Johnstown Flood that killed more than 2,200 people downstream. An estimated 14.3 million tons of water from Lake Conemaugh were released, wreaking devastation along the valley of South Fork Creek and the Little Conemaugh River and the dozen miles downstream to Johnstown, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was the worst disaster in USA history at the time. Relief efforts were among the first major actions of Clara Barton and her newly organized American Red Cross.</p><br>
<p>The club was found to have neglected maintenance on the earthen dam and performed some ill-advised alterations. Despite some years of claims and litigation, the club and its members were never found to be liable for monetary damages. The corporation was disbanded in 1904. Its real estate was sold by the local sheriff at public auction, largely to satisfy a mortgage on the large clubhouse.</p><br>
<p>The club, the flood and later investigations have continued to be subject of studies, commemoration, and cultural works. A Johnstown Flood National Memorial was created. In addition, in 1986 the remaining buildings of the club and associated property were designated as a National Historic Landmark District, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Club and dam history</h2><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, Pittsburgh was the center of industry and had many extremely wealthy entrepreneurs and businessmen.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, entrepreneur Benjamin Franklin Ruff suggested organizing a club to establish an exclusive mountain retreat as a center of summer recreation for members. He and Henry Clay Frick established the club in 1881.</p><br>
<p>Ruff had previously bought property that he offered for sale to the club, promoting the idea to Henry Clay Frick, a friend and among the wealthy elite group of men who controlled Pittsburgh&#39;s steel, rail and other industries.</p><br>
<p>The newly organized club purchased property including an old dam and abandoned reservoir from Ruff. He had purchased it from former Congressman John Reilly (D-PA).</p><br>
<p>The reservoir behind the dam was named as Lake Conemaugh by the club. It was about 2 mi long, approximately 1 mi wide, and 60 ft deep near the dam. The lake had a perimeter of 7 mi and could hold 14.3 million tons of water. When the water was "up" in the spring, the lake covered more than 400 acre. The South Fork Dam was 72 ft high and 931 ft long.</p><br>
<p>Despite being both well-designed and well-built when new, it failed for the first time in 1862. A history of negligent maintenance and alterations were later believed to have contributed to its failure on May 31, 1889. Between 1881 when the club was opened and 1889, this dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly with mud and straw.</p><br>
<h2>Dam flaws</h2><br>
<p>Before closing on Ruff&#39;s purchase, Congressman Reilly had had crucial discharge pipes removed and sold for their value as scrap metal. There was no longer a practical way to lower the level of water behind the dam should repairs be indicated.</p><br>
<p>Ruff, although not a civil engineer, had a background that included being a railroad tunnel contractor. He had supervised repairs to the dam. But these did not include a successful resolution of the inability to discharge the water and substantially lower the lake for repair purposes.</p><br>
<p>The five cast iron discharge pipes, each with an inside diameter of two feet, had previously allowed a controlled release of water. When the initial renovation was completed under Ruff&#39;s oversight, it became impossible to drain the lake to repair the dam properly, as the dam and lake area were modified to suit recreational interests.</p><br>
<p>Most significantly, in order to provide a carriageway across the dam, the top was leveled off, lowering it. The dam was only a few feet higher than the water level at its lowest point. To compound the problem, the club owners and managers had erected fish screens across the mouth of the spillway. Although that was intended to keep water from accumulating to the point of straining the dam, the spillway screens became clogged with debris, restricting the outflow of water.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Johnson Morrell became a member of the club to observe the state of the dam under its stewardship. He campaigned to club officials, especially to Ruff, its co-founder, regarding the safety of the dam. Morrell insisted on inspections of the dams breastwork both by his own engineers (including John Fulton), and by those of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Morrells warnings went unheeded. His offer to do repairs, partially at his own expense, was rejected by club president Benjamin F. Ruff (who died two years before the flood). Morrell joined the club to further express his concerns, but died four years before the flood he had labored to prevent.</p><br>
<p>The dam had not failed completely since 1862. Notwithstanding leaks and other warning signs, the flawed dam held the waters of Lake Conemaugh back until disaster struck in May 1889. The president of the club at the time of the flood was Colonel Elias Unger. The founding entrepreneur, Benjamin F. Ruff, had died several years earlier, and Unger had been on the job only a short time.</p><br>
<p>The American Society of Civil Engineers launched an investigation of the South Fork Dam breach immediately after the flood. However, according to modern research conducted by, among others, University of Pittsburgh instructor Neil M. Coleman, the report was delayed, subverted, and whitewashed, before being released two years after the disaster.</p><br>
<p>Coleman published a book that gave details of the 21st-century investigation, its participating engineers, and the science behind the 1889 flood, titled Johnstown&#39;s Flood of 1889 - Power Over Truth and the Science Behind the Disaster (2018).</p><br>
<h2>Club members</h2><br>
<p>The sixteen charter members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, including Henry Clay Frick who assembled them in November 1879, were Benjamin Ruff, T. H. Sweat, Charles J. Clarke, Thomas Clark, Walter F. Fundenberg, Howard Hartley, Henry C. Yeager, J. B. White, E. A. Myers, C. C. Hussey, D. R. Euwer (as spelled below), C. A. Carpenter, W. L. Dunn, W. L. McClintock, and A. V. Holmes.</p><br>
<p>Alphabetically, a complete listing of club membership included:</p><br>
<p>Edward Jay Allen &ndash; helped to organize the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Company</p><br>
<p>D. W. C Bidwell &ndash; owner of a mining industry explosives supply company</p><br>
<p>James W. Brown &ndash; member of the 58th United States Congress, president of the Colonial Steel Company, and secretary and treasurer for Hussey, Howe and Company, Steel Works, Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Hilary B. Brunot &ndash; attorney in Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>John Caldwell, Jr. &ndash; treasurer of the Philadelphia Company</p><br>
<p>Andrew Carnegie &ndash; Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a major philanthropist</p><br>
<p>C.A. Carpenter &ndash; freight agent for the Pennsylvania Railroad</p><br>
<p>John Weakley Chalfant &ndash; president of People&#39;s National Bank, associated with steel tubing manufacturer Spang, Chalfant and Company</p><br>
<p>George H. Christy &ndash; attorney in Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>Thomas Clark</p><br>
<p>Charles John Clarke &ndash; founder of Pittsburgh-based transportation company Clarke and Company, father of Louis Clarke</p><br>
<p>Louis Semple Clarke &ndash; co-founder of the Autocar Company and developer of the first porcelain-insulated spark plugs</p><br>
<p>A. C. Crawford</p><br>
<p>William T. Dunn &ndash; owner of the building supply company William T. Dunn and Company</p><br>
<p>Cyrus Elder (1833-1912); prominent attorney; chief counsel for the Cambria Iron Company; author; civil leader; sole Johnstown resident club member, who had acquired Daniel Johnson Morrell&#39;s membership upon his death; flood survivor</p><br>
<p>Daniel R. Euwer &ndash; lumber dealer for Euwer and Brothers</p><br>
<p>John King Ewing &ndash; involved with real estate through Ewing and Byers</p><br>
<p>Aaron S. French &ndash; founder of A. French Spring Company, manufacturer of steel springs for railroad cars</p><br>
<p>Henry Clay Frick &ndash; successful American industrialist and art patron</p><br>
<p>Walter Franklin Fundenburg &ndash; dentist</p><br>
<p>A. G. Harmes &ndash; manufacturer of machinery through his Harmes Machinery Depot</p><br>
<p>John A. Harper &ndash;assistant cashier of the Bank of Pittsburgh, president of Western Pennsylvania Hospital</p><br>
<p>Howard Hartley &ndash; manufacturer of leather products and rubber belts through Hartley Brothers</p><br>
<p>Henry Holdship &ndash; co-founder of the Art Society of Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</p><br>
<p>Americus Vespecius Holmes &ndash; vice-president of Dollar Bank</p><br>
<p>Durbin Horne &ndash; president of retail company Joseph Horne and Company</p><br>
<p>George Franklin Huff &ndash; member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1884 to 1888, member of the 52nd United States Congress, the 54th United States Congress, and the 58th United States Congress and the three succeeding Congresses</p><br>
<p>Christopher Curtis Hussey &ndash; Hussey, Howe and Company, steel manufacturers</p><br>
<p>Harriet Augusta Byram Hussey &ndash; wife of C.C. Hussey, elected as the clubs only female member following her husbands death in 1884</p><br>
<p>Lewis Irwin</p><br>
<p>Philander Chase Knox &ndash; American lawyer and politician who served as US Attorney General, USA Senator from Pennsylvania, and, lastly, as Secretary of State from 1909 to 1913</p><br>
<p>Frank B. Laughlin &ndash; secretary of the Solar Carbon and Manufacturing Company</p><br>
<p>John Jacob Lawrence &ndash; paint and color manufacturer, partner of Moses Suydam</p><br>
<p>John George Alexander Leishman &ndash; worked in various executive positions at Carnegie Steel Company, served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Turkey from 1899&ndash;1901</p><br>
<p>Jesse H. Lippincott &ndash; associated with the Banner Baking Powder firm</p><br>
<p>Sylvester Stephen Marvin &ndash; in the cracker business, founding S. S. Marvin Co., centerpiece to the organization of the National Biscuit Company)</p><br>
<p>Frank T., Oliver, and Walter L. McClintock &ndash; associated with O. McClintock and Company, a mercantile house</p><br>
<p>James S. McCord &ndash; owner of the wholesale hatters McCord and Company</p><br>
<p>James McGregor</p><br>
<p>W. A. McIntosh (president of the New York and Cleveland Gas Coal Company; father of Burr McIntosh and Nancy McIntosh)</p><br>
<p>H. Sellers McKee &ndash; president of the First National Bank of Birmingham, founder of Jeannette, Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Andrew W. Mellon &ndash; American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, and art collector; US Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921, until February 12, 1932</p><br>
<p>Reuben Miller &ndash; Miller, Metcalf and Perkin, Crescent Steel Works</p><br>
<p>Maxwell K. Moorhead &ndash; son of James K. Moorhead</p><br>
<p>Daniel Johnson Morrell &ndash; general manager of the Cambria Iron Company, member of the 40th United States Congress (and 41st United States Congresses, 1867-1871 (R-PA)</p><br>
<p>William Mullens</p><br>
<p>Edwin A. Meyers &ndash; Myers, Shinkle and Company</p><br>
<p>H. P. Patton &ndash; associated with the window glass manufacturer A. and D. H. Chambers</p><br>
<p>Duncan Clinch Phillips &ndash; window glass millionaire, father of Duncan Phillips</p><br>
<p>Henry Phipps, Jr. &ndash; chairman of Carnegie Brothers and Company, American entrepreneur and major philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Robert Pitcairn &ndash; Scottish-American railroad executive who headed the Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad in the late 19th century</p><br>
<p>D. W. Ranking &ndash; physician</p><br>
<p>Samuel Rea &ndash; an American engineer and the 9th president of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1913 to 1925</p><br>
<p>James Hay Reed - partner with Philander Knox in the law firm Knox and Reed, a federal judge nominated by President Benjamin Harrison</p><br>
<p>Benjamin F. Ruff &ndash; first president of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, tunnel contractor, coke salesman, real estate broker</p><br>
<p>Marvin F. Scaife &ndash; producer of iron products through W. B. Scaife and Sons</p><br>
<p>James M. Schoonmaker &ndash; J. M. Schoonmaker Coke Company</p><br>
<p>James Ernest Schwartz &ndash; president of Pennsylvania Lead Company</p><br>
<p>Frank Semple</p><br>
<p>Christian Bernard Shea &ndash; member of Joseph Horne Company</p><br>
<p>Moses Bedell Suydam &ndash; M. B. Suydam and Company</p><br>
<p>F. H. Sweet</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Thaw Sr. &ndash; co founder of Heda Coke Company, brother of Harry Kendall Thaw</p><br>
<p>Colonel Elias J. Unger &ndash; managed hotels along the Pennsylvania Railroad, second and last president of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, honorary title (did not have a military record)</p><br>
<p>Calvin Wells &ndash; president of Pittsburgh Forge and Iron Company.</p><br>
<p>James B. White &ndash; manufacturer of manganese ore through James B. White and Company</p><br>
<p>John F. Wilcox &ndash; civil engineer</p><br>
<p>James H. Willock &ndash; cashier of the Second National Bank</p><br>
<p>Joseph R. Woodwell &ndash; served on the board of directors for Deposit Bank of Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Institution for Science</p><br>
<p>William K. Woodwell &ndash; associated with Joseph R. Woodwell and company</p><br>
<p>H. C. Yeager &ndash; dry goods and trimming wholesaler through C. Yeager and Company</p><br>
<h2>Johnstown Flood</h2><br>
<p>After several days of unprecedented rainfall in the Alleghenies, the dam gave way on May 31, 1889. A torrent of water raced downstream, destroying several towns. When it reached Johnstown, 2,209 people were killed, and there was $17 million ($473 million in 2020 terms) in damage. The disaster became widely known as the Johnstown Flood, and locally known as the "Great Flood".</p><br>
<p>Rumors of the dam&#39;s potential for harm, and its likelihood of bursting, had been circulating for years. At least three warnings sent from South Fork to Johnstown by telegram the day of the disaster went virtually unheeded downstream.</p><br>
<p>When word of the dam&#39;s failure was telegraphed from South Fork by Joseph P. Wilson to Robert Pitcairn in Pittsburgh, Frick and other members of the Club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Relief Committee for tangible assistance to the flood victims. They determined to never speak publicly about the club or the Flood. This strategy was a success.</p><br>
<p>Club members and its attorneys Philander C. Knox and James H. Reed were able to fend off four lawsuits against the club; Colonel Unger, its president; and against 50 named members. Each case was "either settled or discontinued and, as far as is known, no one bringing action profited thereby."</p><br>
<p>In the years following this disaster, many people blamed the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club for the flood. The club owned and were responsible to maintain the dam. Despite the evidence to suggest that they were to blame, the Club membership evaded legal responsibility for the disaster. Knox and Reed successfully argued that the dam&#39;s failure was a natural disaster and an Act of God. The survivors never received any legal compensation.</p><br>
<p>The perceived injustice contributed to the acceptance a legal finding of “strict, joint, and several liability,” so that a “non-negligent defendant could be held liable for damage caused by the unnatural use of land.”</p><br>
<p>Individual members of the club did contribute substantially to the relief efforts. Along with about half of the club members, Henry Clay Frick donated thousands of dollars to the relief effort in Johnstown. After the flood, Andrew Carnegie, one of the club&#39;s better-known members, built the town a new library. In modern times, this former library is owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association. It houses the Flood Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>On February 5, 1904, the Cambria Freeman reported, under the headline "Will Pass Out of History":</p><br>
<h2>Legacy of the Flood</h2><br>
<p>Survivors and descendants have worked to create what is known as the Johnstown Flood National Memorial to commemorate events of the flood. It is a park along the river.</p><br>
<h2>South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Johnstown Flood National Memorial sought stewardship of the club property to "significantly increase the park&#39;s capability to interpret the important events surrounding the Johnstown Flood and the individuals associated with it." The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club Historic District was designated in 1986 as what is now termed a National Historic Landmark District and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The district includes eight contributing buildings remaining from the club, including the club house and six cottages. They are representative of popular late-19th century architectural styles, including Stick/Eastlake, Gothic Revival, and Queen Anne.</p><br>
<h2>Representation in other media</h2><br>
<p>In Sunlight, In a Beautiful Garden is a 2001 novel by Kathleen Cambor, based on the flood. It briefly refers to certain historic club figures in cameo roles.</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn Cemetery is the name of a cemetery in Elmira, New York, United States. Its most famous burials are Mark Twain and his wife Olivia Langdon Clemens. Many members of the United States Congress, including Jacob Sloat Fassett are also interred there.</p><br>
<p>Within Woodlawn Cemetery is the distinct Woodlawn National Cemetery, begun with the interment of Confederate prisoners from the nearby Elmira Prison (dubbed "Hellmira" by its inmates) during the American Civil War. It is run by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.</p><br>
<p>Both cemeteries are still active and together were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>John Arnot, Jr. (1831–1886) US Representative, mayor, Civil War in veteran, businessman</p><br>
<p>James Chaplin Beecher (1828–1886), Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Frank LaMar Christian (1876–1955), prison warden</p><br>
<p>Clara Clemens (1874–1962), concert singer and Mark Twain&#39;s only surviving child and widow of Ossip Gabrilowitsch</p><br>
<p>Jean Clemens (1880–1909), Mark Twain&#39;s youngest daughter</p><br>
<p>Olivia Langdon Clemens (1845–1904), Mark Twain&#39;s wife and editor</p><br>
<p>Susy Clemens (1872–1896), Mark Twain&#39;s eldest daughter and a biographer of him</p><br>
<p>Ernie Davis (1939–1963), Heisman Trophy winner from Syracuse University</p><br>
<p>Alexander S. Diven (1809–1896), Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Jacob Sloat Fassett (1853–1924), US Representative</p><br>
<p>Thomas S. Flood (1844–1908), US Representative</p><br>
<p>Ossip Gabrilowitsch (1878–1936), Russian-born American pianist married to Clara Clemens.</p><br>
<p>Hiram Gray (1801–1890), US Representative</p><br>
<p>John W. Jones (1817–1900), ex-slave and sexton of Woodlawn National Cemetery</p><br>
<p>Thomas Maxwell (1792–1864), US Representative</p><br>
<p>Anna Campbell Palmer (1854–1928), novelist</p><br>
<p>Samuel Partridge (1790–1883), US Representative</p><br>
<p>Alexander W. Randall (1819–1872), 6th Governor of Wisconsin</p><br>
<p>Hal Roach (1892–1992), comedy film & television producer</p><br>
<p>Lucius Robinson (1810–1891), Governor of New York</p><br>
<p>Hosea H. Rockwell (1840–1918), US Representative</p><br>
<p>Horace B. Smith (1826–1888), US Representative</p><br>
<p>Esther Baker Steele (1835–1911), educator, author, editor, philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) (1835–1910), author</p><br>
<p>Asher Tyler (1798–1875), US Representative</p><br>
<p>Jonas S. Van Duzer (1846–1918), creamery manufacturer and assemblyman</p><br>
<p>Bayhorse is a ghost town in Custer County, Idaho, United States, founded in 1877, though active development of the town did not begin until 1880. Bayhorse was once a thriving mining town, principally supported by large nearby silver deposit. In 1882, the town increased its smelting capabilities, producing $300,000 worth of silver over the course of the year. By 1885, the town had grown to 300 residents, supported by a mill, three stores, a hotel, a restaurant, a meat market, a lodging house, and five saloons. The same year, the town built a refinery, allowing the mining industry to issue silver bars and by 1900, the town had extracted over $10 million in total ores, including silver, lead, and copper.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the entire community was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The town property was purchased by the state in 2006 and opened to the public in 2009 as part of the Land of the Yankee Fork State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<p>Along the main dirt street, several preserved ruins of houses and mining equipment are still visible. Also intact are charcoal kilns used to make charcoal to smelt the ore from the mines.</p><br>
<p>The Harry S. Truman National Historic Site  preserves the longtime home of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd president of the United States, as well as other properties associated with him in the Kansas City, Missouri metropolitan area. The site is operated by the National Park Service, with its centerpieces being the Truman Home in Independence and the Truman Farm Home in Grandview. It also includes the Noland home of Trumans cousins, and the George and Frank Wallace homes of Bess Trumans brothers. The site was designated a National Historic Site on May 23, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Truman Home in Independence</h2><br>
<p>The Truman Home (earlier known as the Gates–Wallace home), 219 North Delaware Street, Independence, Missouri, was the home of Harry S. Truman from the time of his marriage to Bess Wallace on June 28, 1919, until his death on December 26, 1972. Bess Truman&#39;s maternal grandfather, George Porterfield Gates, built the house between the years 1867 and 1885.</p><br>
<p>After Besss father, David Willock Wallace, committed suicide in 1903, she and her mother and brothers moved into the house with Besss grandparents, George and Elizabeth Gates. At the time Harry and Bess married in 1919, Harry was putting all of his money into his business partnership, a men&#39;s clothing store called Truman & Jacobson at 104 West 12th Street in downtown Kansas City, so living at the Wallace home made good financial sense.</p><br>
<p>After Truman&#39;s haberdashery failed in 1922, he and his wife continued to live in the house to save money while he paid his debts. After being elected to the Senate in 1935, he moved to Washington, D.C., with his wife and daughter. Whenever they came back to Missouri, the house at 219 N. Delaware was their home.</p><br>
<p>After he retired in 1953, until the Truman Library was opened on July 6, 1957, the Truman Home served as Truman&#39;s personal office. Bess lived in the home until her death in 1982, and she bequeathed the property to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The Truman Home offers a glimpse at the personal life of the 33rd President of the United States, particularly the simple life the family enjoyed in Independence before and after Harrys eight years as president. The Trumans only child, Mary Margaret, was born in the home on February 17, 1924. The site also includes the two adjacent homes of Mrs. Trumans brothers, and, across Delaware Street, the Noland Home, where the Presidents favorite aunt and cousins lived. The site operates a visitor center, located inside an historic firehouse, in downtown Independence. NPS park ranger-interpreters lead guided tours of the home on a regular basis, providing a look at the home much as the Truman family left it.</p><br>
<p>The second floor of the home has never been open to the public – Bess wrote into her will that to protect her familys privacy, the second floor was to remain closed until the death of her daughter, Margaret. Though Margaret died in 2008, the NPS has maintained the closure in order to best preserve the home. A photo tour of the closed rooms, including Harry and Besss bedroom, is available.</p><br>
<p>On display in the ground floor of the home is the Steinway piano Truman originally purchased as a Christmas present for Margaret, and which was played by Truman in the White House; a portion of the Trumans&#39; extensive personal library (including the mysteries preferred by Bess); the family record collection; the official White House portrait of the First Lady (the one in Washington D.C., is a copy): and paintings including a panorama of Athens, Greece, a "primitive" of Key West featuring palm trees and a backward-looking donkey, and a canvas entitled "Swan River." The fireplace is framed with tiles depicting a fanciful Middle Eastern desert landscape with tents and minarets, likely inspired by One Thousand and One Nights.</p><br>
<p>Truman is one of the few Presidents who never owned his own home prior to his time in office. He lived with his parents until he married, then in the Wallace House, in rented apartments and houses in Washington (including 4701 Connecticut Avenue), in Blair House (the official state visitors residence), and in the White House, but it was not until July 1953, following his term of office and the December 1952 death of Madge Gates Wallace, that Harry and Bess Truman purchased the home at 219 North Delaware Street.</p><br>
<p>The house is now located in the Harry S. Truman Historic District, a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<h2>Truman Farm Home in Grandview</h2><br>
<p>The Harry S. Truman Farm Home is located 15 miles (24 km) away from Independence in Grandview, Missouri. A National Historic Landmark, the farmhouse at 12301 Blue Ridge Blvd. was built in 1894 by Harry Trumans maternal grandmother, and is the centerpiece of a 5.25 acre remnant of the familys former 600 acre farm. Truman worked the farm as a young man, from 1906 to 1917. It was here, said his mother, that Harry got his "common sense." There is no visitor center on the site, but the grounds are open year-round for self-guided tours, and an audio tour is available.</p><br>
<p>The site consists of a two-story farm house; a reconstructed smokehouse; the Grandview post office-turned-garage (Truman moved it to the farm to store his 1911 Stafford automobile); a restored box wagon once used on the farm; and several stone fence posts marking the original boundaries of the farm, plus other original and reconstructed buildings.</p><br>
<p>After Truman returned to private life he sold portions of the farm for the Truman Corners Shopping Center as well as other Kansas City suburban development.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Theresa is located at 2082–96 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard between West 124th and 125th Streets in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. In the mid-20th century, it was a vibrant center of African American life in the area and the city.</p><br>
<p>The 13-story hotel was built in 1912–13 by German-born stockbroker Gustavus Sidenberg (1843–1915), whose wife the hotel is named after, and was designed by the firm of George & Edward Blum, who specialized in designing apartment buildings. The hotel, which was known in its heyday as "the Waldorf of Harlem", exemplifies the Blums&#39; inventive use of terracotta for ornamentation, and has been called "one of the most visually striking structures in northern Manhattan".</p><br>
<p>The building, now an office building known as Theresa Towers, was designated a New York City landmark in 1993 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel had a two-story penthouse dining room which featured views of Long Island Sound to the east and the Palisades to the west, as well as a bar and grill. In the 1940s and 1950s, the Theresa became a center of the social life of the black community of Harlem; it was then that it was known as "the Waldorf of Harlem". The hotel profited from the refusal of prestigious hotels elsewhere in the city to accept black guests. As a result, black businessmen, performers, and athletes were thrown under the same roof. The building was also the location of such institutions as A. Philip Randolph&#39;s March on Washington Movement, the March Community Bookstore, and the Organization of Afro-American Unity created by Malcolm X after he left the Nation of Islam.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, Fidel Castro came to New York for the opening session of the United Nations, and, after storming out of the Hotel Shelburne on Lexington Avenue in Midtown Manhattan because of the managements demand for a $20,000 deposit, he and his entourage stayed at the Theresa, where they rented 80 rooms for $800 per day. Malcolm X and other civil rights leaders arranged for their stay. According to the New York Times, Castro felt that "Negroes would be more sympathetic" to his cause, and indeed he drew enthusiastic crowds of supporters, along with some protesters. While Castro was there, he was visited by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, activist Malcolm X, poets Langston Hughes and Allen Ginsberg, President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India, and radical sociologist C. Wright Mills. In a repudiation of segregationist policies, Castro also thanked the hotels all-black staff by hosting them at a steak dinner held in the hotels own banquet room. Subsequent to Castros visit, other Third World leaders, such as Patrice Lumumba of the Belgian Congo, chose to stay at the Theresa.</p><br>
<p>In October 1960, John F. Kennedy campaigned for the presidency at the hotel, along with Eleanor Roosevelt and other leading figures in the Democratic Party.</p><br>
<p>Ron Brown, who was the United States Secretary of Commerce in the Clinton administration, grew up in the hotel, where his father worked as manager, and USA Congressman Charles Rangel (D-Harlem) once worked there as a desk clerk.</p><br>
<p>The hotel suffered from the continued deterioration of Harlem through the 1950s and 1960s and, ironically, from the end of segregation elsewhere in the city. As African Americans of means now had alternatives, they stopped coming to Harlem. The owners had not upgraded or modernized the hotel in decades and it was said to be "dowdy" at best.</p><br>
<p>New owners began converting the building to office space beginning in 1966, and the hotel closed in 1967. The building was renovated and restored, with the exterior largely kept as it had originally been, instead of being replaced with an aluminum and glass façade, an alternative which had been considered. The building reopened in 1970 as Theresa Towers, though a sign with the old name is still painted on the side of the building, and the old name is still commonly used. As well as housing commercial and professional tenants, it serves as an auxiliary campus for Columbia University&#39;s Teachers College and the Touro College of Pharmacy.</p><br>
<h2>Notable guests, tenants and employees</h2><br>
<p>Muhammad Ali – boxer</p><br>
<p>Eddie "Rochester" Anderson – actor</p><br>
<p>Louis Armstrong – musician, singer</p><br>
<p>Josephine Baker – dancer</p><br>
<p>Ron Brown – politician</p><br>
<p>Fidel Castro – President of Cuba</p><br>
<p>Ray Charles – singer, musician</p><br>
<p>Kenneth Clark – educator</p><br>
<p>Sam Cooke – singer, musician</p><br>
<p>Dorothy Dandridge – actress</p><br>
<p>Duke Ellington – jazz musician, bandleader, composer</p><br>
<p>Jimi Hendrix – rock musician</p><br>
<p>Lena Horne – singer</p><br>
<p>Zora Neale Hurston – author, anthropologist</p><br>
<p>Andy Kirk – musician, bandleader (managed the Theresa bar)</p><br>
<p>A. Philip Randolph – activist, anti-poverty activist</p><br>
<p>Charles Rangel – politician (desk clerk)</p><br>
<p>Little Richard – singer, musician</p><br>
<p>Joe Louis – boxer</p><br>
<p>Malcolm X – activist</p><br>
<p>Sugar Ray Robinson – boxer</p><br>
<p>Dinah Washington – singer</p><br>
<p>Little Willie John – singer</p><br>
<p>Otis Redding – singer</p><br>
<p>Buddy Holly - singer</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Some scenes of Alfred Hitchcock&#39;s movie Topaz, the plot of which revolves around the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, are set in and in front of the Hotel Theresa.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Theresa is one of the settings in the novel Push and the film Precious (2009). Precious&#39; Each One Teach One alternative school is on the "nineteenth floor".</p><br>
<p>WLIB-1190 AM (known as Harlem Radio Center) maintained studios here from 1952–1962.</p><br>
<p>In Guy Johnson&#39;s novel Standing at the Scratch Line, the hotel lobby is where King, Big Ed and Professor plan the execution of the heads of two Mafia families trying to muscle in on their club.</p><br>
<p>Colson Whiteheads "The Theresa Job" (The New Yorker, July 26, 2021) is about a 1959 robbery at the hotel. This robbery premise was later expanded and became the focal point of Whiteheads 2021 novel Harlem Shuffle.</p><br>
<p>William Howard Taft National Historic Site is a historic house at 2038 Auburn Avenue in the Mount Auburn Historic District of Cincinnati, Ohio, a mile  north of Downtown. It was the birthplace and childhood home of William Howard Taft, the 27th president and the 10th chief justice of the United States. It is a two-story Greek Revival house built circa 1845.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Howard Taft&#39;s father, Alphonso Taft, came to Cincinnati from Vermont in 1838 to establish a law practice. He moved his family to this house a little over a decade later. Alphonso Taft became an early supporter of the Republican Party in Cincinnati. He lived in this house with his family and parents. He would eventually serve as the 31st United States Secretary of War and the 34th United States Attorney General.</p><br>
<p>The house is believed to have been built in the early 1840s, between 1844 and 1847 by a family named Hopkins. Alphonso bought the house at 60 Auburn Street (now 2038 Auburn Avenue), with its accompanying 1.82 acres, for $10,100 on June 13, 1851. Mount Auburn was once a popular area to live for upper-class Cincinnatians, as it allowed those of higher incomes to escape the sweltering heat and humidity of downtown Cincinnati summers. The Taft residence, a Greek Revival domicile, was relatively modest compared to other nearby residences, which were a mix of Second Empire, Italianate, and Georgian Revival.</p><br>
<p>Alphonso&#39;s wife Fanny Phelps Taft died a year after the family moved to the Mount Auburn residence, in June 1852. In December 1853 Alphonso remarried, choosing a schoolteacher from Massachusetts named Louise Torrey. Louise Taft would give birth to their second child, William Howard Taft, in the house on September 15, 1857, presumably in the first-floor nursery in the rear ell. (The first child had died at age fourteen months from whooping cough.) Alphonso had six children living in the house, two by Fanny (three others had died beforehand) and four by Louise.</p><br>
<p>The house was used for social events. Visitors included many local and state dignitaries, including future President James A. Garfield. Rugs in the parlor were often rolled up for dancing. Family activities took place in the library; Alphonso was an avid book collector.</p><br>
<p>William would live in the house until he went to Yale University in 1874. Afterward, the Taft family would spend less time in the house, starting when Alphonso served in the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In 1877 a fire damaged the second floor and roof. Alphonso and Louise would lease the house in 1889, moving to California because the climate was thought to be beneficial for those with declining health. William had married in 1886, and the rest of the Taft sons had moved out by this point as well. In May 1891 Alphonso died in San Diego, California, and was buried in Cincinnati; the tenants of the Auburn house allowed the mourners to gather at the house for the funeral. Louise eventually was able to sell the house outright, after ten years of trying, in 1899 to Judge Albert C. Thompson, after returning to her home town of Millbury, Massachusetts, to live with her sister.</p><br>
<h2>Post-Taft ownership</h2><br>
<p>Within five years of the house leaving the Taft family, the front veranda was removed, replaced by a one-story porch. Other modifications were the addition of a conservatory and the demolition of outbuildings, including a stable. Upon Thompsons death the house was sold by his widow to Colonel Ernest H. Ruffner in 1912. Upon Ruffners death it was sold by his daughter. The William Howard Taft Memorial Association was formed on July 7, 1937, in hopes of buying the property, but went without support of the Taft family, as Robert Taft thought it would look too opportunistic to memorialize the house his father grew up in, and thus failed in acquiring the $12,000 to buy it. In the 1940s the building was used as apartments, with the new owner Elbert R. Bellinger once considering selling it to become a funeral parlor for local blacks. Taft family political fortunes faltered with Robert&#39;s death in 1953, and with Charles Phelps Taft II available to spearhead the movement, the William Howard Taft Memorial Association eventually acquired the house for $35,000 (the assessment price), instead of the $75,000 Bellinger was demanding for it.</p><br>
<p>By 1961, the house was in poor condition and needed restoration, to the tune of $92,500. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. A ceremony on September 15, 1964 (William&#39;s 107th birthday), celebrated the home becoming a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The association gained full title to the house in 1968 and in 1969 transferred it to the National Park Service, which currently operates the site as a historic house museum, so that its future upkeep is ensured. The United States government took the property title on November 1, 1970.</p><br>
<p>Letters and diary entries written by Louise Taft during her time in the home helped preservationists to return the domicile to how it appeared during William&#39;s childhood.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>William Howard Taft National Historic Site has two main buildings. The first is the original home owned by William Howard Tafts parents, Alphonso and Louise Taft. It has been restored to look as it did during the time William lived there. All the family portraits and many of the books on display belonged to the Taft family. The first floor has five rooms restored: Williams birthplace, and four rooms representative of the period. The furniture is period pieces and did not necessarily belong to the Tafts. The second floor contains exhibits on the accomplishments of William.</p><br>
<p>The second building is the National Historic Sites Visitor Center, officially called the Taft Education Center. It has offices, a National Park giftshop, an audio-animatronic exhibit of Williams son Charles Phelps Taft II fishing and telling stories about his father and other members of the Taft family, and a short biographical film on William Howard Taft.</p><br>
<p>Grandma Prisbrey&#39;s Bottle Village, also known as Bottle Village, is an art environment, located in Simi Valley, California. It was created by Tressa "Grandma" Prisbrey  from the 1950s to the 1970s. Prisbey built a "village" of shrines, walkways, sculptures, and buildings from recycled items and discards from the local landfill.</p><br>
<p>Bottle Village has been designated as a historical landmark by the City of Simi Valley, County of Ventura, and State of California (California Historical Landmark No. 939. It was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Bottle Village closed in 1984 and was severely damaged during the 1994 Northridge earthquake.</p><br>
<h2>Tressa "Grandma" Prisbrey</h2><br>
<p>Tressa Luella Schaefer was born in Easton, Minnesota in 1896. She attended school until the age of twelve and studied mostly politics in North Dakota. At the age of 15, Prisbrey married the ex-husband of her sister, Theodore Grinolds who was 37 years her senior (52 years old). The marriage with Theodore only lasted 14 years and within those years she bore seven children. After Theodore&#39;s passing at age 72, Prisbrey and her seven children moved up to Seattle where she married an unnamed and unemployed man. Their marriage was very short lived. Over the course of her life, she had witnessed the passing of six out of her seven children (4 boys, 2 girls).</p><br>
<p>In 1946, Prisbrey made the move to Santa Susana, now a neighborhood in Simi Valley, California. Ten years after the move, Prisbrey met her husband Al Prisbrey, who bought one-third of an acre located on Cochran Street. They brought in a trailer to live in, removed the tires, and hid them in an effort to stay grounded on the lot. When Prisbrey first moved to Santa Susana, she had a large collection of 17,000 pencils which had previously been her hobby. In an effort to find a place to put them, she decided she wanted to make a house for her pencils to stay. At the age of 60, she began looking around to buy cinder-blocks to build with but came to discover the prices were way out of her range. They had spent all their money paying for the property so she resorted to visiting a local dump where she found thousands of colored bottles. She began going to her sister Hattie&#39;s house and made cement by hand and built her first bottle house. Prisbrey mentioned she did not begin this project to gain attention but as an outpost as well as a place to keep all of her things. She was interested in the fact that everything has a purpose and is special and unique and that is exactly what she brings to bottle village. Not just in the visuals but the overall feeling you receive from being present.</p><br>
<p>The Village was very much established by 1961 but Prisbrey kept adding structures and tweaking into the 1980s. She moved away in 1972, but later came back to live in a trailer alongside the village where she continued adding sculptures and flower planters.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 Prisbrey, in poor health, left Simi Valley to live with her daughter and son-in-law in San Francisco.</p><br>
<h2>Bottle Village</h2><br>
<p>After starting with a wall, Prisbrey continued to build until she had constructed 16 buildings and structures made of glass and assorted other materials, a mosaic sidewalk, the Leaning Tower of Bottle Village, the Dolls Head Shrine, Cleopatra&#39;s Bedroom, the Round House, and more. The Los Angeles Times described Bottle Village as an "eccentric folk-art wonderland."</p><br>
<p>Bottle Village is seen by art historians and folklorists as a complex work combining the desires of an elderly lady to provide simple shelter for her valued personal collections; memorialize family, friends, and important life events; grieve over the loss of family members; entertain visitors; and leave behind a testament to her very personal vision, exuberance, and inspiration. The Village is a significant folk art environment created by an American folk artist of high acclaim. It is a rarity created out of actual mass consumer throwaway from everyday lives of Americans of the late 1950s and early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>When building Bottle Village, no help was given and everything is made from hand and all recycled materials. One of the shrines is called The Headlight Garden. This garden was made for her then 35-year-old daughter who had been diagnosed with cancer. Her daughter loved flowers so Prisbrey decided to make her a rose garden made out of headlights and recycled materials. Before her daughter&#39;s passing, she would love to wake up every morning and sit by the garden in silence. According to Prisbrey, the day her daughter died, the roses died.</p><br>
<p>There are heart, diamond, and spade stepping stones that symbolize when Prisbrey visited Las Vegas, Nevada. She made the forms out of cement but then filled them with random recycled things like scissors. Bottle Village also has wishing wells made from tiles, ground is paved with recyclables, a doll shrine, and a leaning tower of bottles. Each building has its own theme. A doll house was built to house Prisbrey&#39;s collection of 600 dolls. Prisbrey mentioned every day she would go into that house and dress up some of the dolls.</p><br>
<p>"Anyone can do something with a million dollars. Look at Disney," Prisbrey once said. "But it takes more than money to make something out of nothing, and look at the fun I have doing it." When visitors would come to Bottle Village when Prisbrey was still alive, she would first take them on a tour but then end in her meditation room where she would allow them to meditate as well as listen to her sing different songs. She would charge only 75 cents a visit but people would frequently give her more.</p><br>
<h2>Earthquake and funding</h2><br>
<p>The 1994 Northridge earthquake struck eight miles away and badly damaged the Village. Because of the severe damage, Preserve Bottle Village applied for Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) funding. In 1997, when it appeared FEMA would award a $455,000 grant to help repair the earthquake damage to the Village, the grant was lost after former Councilwoman Sandi Webb and USA Rep. Elton Gallegly, R-Simi Valley, opposed it. Gallegly called it a waste of taxpayers money. Also, James Lee Witt, the director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, said his organization had determined that the site was not eligible for Federal disaster relief money because it had not been open to the general public since 1984. The Simi Valley Historical Society and Rancho Simi Recreation and Park District allocated about $150,000 to restore an apricot pitting shed. The City of Simi Valley also contributed at least $24,000 through Community Development Block Grant funds to restore the 1920s woodshed with concrete pillars, a remnant of the areas apricot industry.</p><br>
<p>Since the earthquake, Bottle Village has been in need of support and funding. The late artist Joanne Johnson, who was one of the docents and served for some time on the board of directors (including a stint as board president), wrote that the “crumbling Bottle Village is an ironic paradox – built from castoffs, now cast aside. This piece of Folk Art is the definition of the saying one mans treasure is another mans junk." Because of the disrepair in which the site is currently, there is little activity. Very few people are still available to give scheduled tours of the Village so personal tours can be difficult to book, but monthly private tours are available at www.bottlevillage.com.</p><br>
<p>Preserve Bottle Village continues preservation efforts, speaking with private foundations. It has received a few generous grants, from the Larry Janss – School of the Pacific Islands Foundation ($21,000), the Rothschild Foundation ($15,000), and the Gareth Evans - Golden Rule Foundation ($10,000 + $5,000).</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Doll Head Shrine has created a cult following and was reproduced on the cover of Wall of Voodoo’s chart-topping single "Mexican Radio" in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Village inspired a 32-page children&#39;s book, Bottle Houses: The Creative World of Grandma Prisbrey by Melissa Eskridge Slaymaker.</p><br>
<p>Tressa Prisbrey is commemorated every year during Halloween at Simi Valley&#39;s Strathearn Historical Park Ghost Tour, which tells the history of Simi Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibitions</h2><br>
<p>1974–1976</p><br>
<p>"Naives and Visionaries", sponsored by the National Endowment for the Arts and the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN</p><br>
<p>1975</p><br>
<p>"America Now", sponsored by the USA Information Agency (traveling European exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1976</p><br>
<p>"Grandma Prisbrey", Woman&#39;s Building, Los Angeles, CA (solo exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1977</p><br>
<p>"In Celebration of Ourselves", Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA</p><br>
<p>1979–1981</p><br>
<p>"A Look at the Art of the 70&#39;s", sponsored by the International Communication Agency (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1984</p><br>
<p>"Visions of Paradise", Beyond Baroque, Venice, CA</p><br>
<p>"Bits and Pieces: The Dream-builders of California", Chevron Art Gallery, San Francisco, CA</p><br>
<p>1985</p><br>
<p>"Divine Disorder: Folk Art Environments of California", Triton Museum of Art, Santa Clara, CA (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1985–1986</p><br>
<p>"A Time to Reap", Co-sponsored by Seton Hall Univ. NJ, & the Museum of American Folk Art, NY (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1986</p><br>
<p>"Cat and a Ball on a Waterfall: 200 Years of California Painting and Sculpture", Oakland Museum, Oakland, CA</p><br>
<p>1988</p><br>
<p>"Not so Naive: Bay Area Artists and Outsider Art", San Francisco Craft & Folk Art Museum, San Francisco, CA</p><br>
<p>1989</p><br>
<p>"Forty Years of California Assemblage", UCLA Whyte Gallery, Los Angeles, CA (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>"Women in American Architecture", Pacific Design Center, Los Angeles, CA (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1990</p><br>
<p>"Ageless", the Woman&#39;s Building, Los Angeles, CA</p><br>
<p>1992</p><br>
<p>"Reflections of Bottle Village", Simi Valley Cultural Center, Simi Valley, CA</p><br>
<p>1995</p><br>
<p>"Visions from the Left Coast" Santa Barbara Contemporary Arts Forum, Santa Barbara, CA</p><br>
<p>1996–1999</p><br>
<p>"Recycled-Reseen" Santa Fe Museum of Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico (traveling)</p><br>
<p>2000</p><br>
<p>Outsider Art window display, Hennessy + Ingalls, Santa Monica, CA</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of images</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Paula Hardware Company Building, located in Santa Paula, California, and more commonly referred to as the Union Oil Company Building, is significant for its historical importance as the birthplace of the Union Oil Company on October 17, 1890. Originally, the Santa Paula Hardware and Post Office were downstairs, and the Union Oil Company offices were upstairs. The building continued to serve as a field division office after the main headquarters moved to Los Angeles in 1900.</p><br>
<p>The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board designated the building County Landmark #36 in December 1977. The building is a California Historical Landmark (#996) and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-86002619).</p><br>
<h2>California Oil Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1950, the Union Oil Museum was established, and in 1990, for its Centennial Celebration, the building was restored to its original appearance and reopened as the California Oil Museum. The exhibits include oil and gas industry equipment, such as an 1890s iron and timber operating drilling rig, historic gas pumps and product containers, a recreated 1890s period Union Oil Company corporate headquarters office, and a 1930s period apartment. The building and artifacts were donated to the city of Santa Paula through an agreement with Chevron Corporation in 2024 that included a $2 million grant to maintain and preserve the structure.</p><br>
<p>The Ventura County Courthouse, known since 1974 as Ventura City Hall, is a historic building in Ventura, California. Located on a hill at the top of California Street, it overlooks the city&#39;s downtown district with views of the Santa Barbara Channel and Channel Islands. It was the first building in the City of Ventura to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has also received historic designations at the state, county and city levels.</p><br>
<p>Built from 1912 to 1913, the Neoclassical courthouse was designed by the Los Angeles architect Albert C. Martin Sr. in a Beaux Arts style. The buildings facade includes white glazed terra cotta panels and decorations, including 24 whimsical faces of Franciscan friars, fluted Doric columns, a copper-sheathed dome and cupola, as well as Roman-arched windows. The second-floor city council chambers (previously the buildings courtroom) include carved mahogany woodwork, stained glass skylights and arched windows overlooking the city and ocean.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was expanded in the early 1930s with the construction of an annex off the building&#39;s west wing. In 1968, the building was declared structurally unsound and county workers relocated to a new complex. The City of Ventura purchased the building from the county and renovated it at a cost of approximately $3.4 million. The building has served as Ventura City Hall since 1974.</p><br>
<h2>The building and historic designations</h2><br>
<p>The building architecture has been described as Neoclassical Revival, Beaux Arts Classicisim, Roman Doric, and French Renaissance. The architect Albert C. Martin referred to it as "resembling Roman Doric". When the plans were unveiled in 1911, the Los Angeles Times reported that the "Roman Doric order" design would be "one of the most imposing public structures in California, and a credit to the seat of government of the prosperous lima bean section."</p><br>
<p>Notable design features of the facade include white glazed terra cotta panels and decorations, including 24 whimsical faces of Franciscan friars, fluted Doric columns, a copper-sheathed dome and cupola, Roman-arched windows, and ornate brass gates and double doors. The interior design features include extensive use of Italian marble, bronze balustrades, and a large, second-floor courtroom (now city council chambers) with carved mahogany woodwork, three domes with leaded, stained glass skylights, and arched windows overlooking the city and ocean.</p><br>
<p>The building has been praised as one of Southern California&#39;s most beautiful government buildings. In 1926, the Ventura Star wrote: "She stands majestically upon the hill, this courthouse of ours, with her national colors fluttering in the harbor breezes, for all the world like a beautiful woman in a Paris gown." In 1991, the Los Angeles Times said of the landmark structure: "Probably no local structure is more visually and symbolically dramatic, or as steeped in local legend. Perched like a lordly, lavish manor at the juncture of California and Poli streets, it overlooks the old town and the blue Pacific beyond – a constant reminder of the past."</p><br>
<p>The courthouse has been designated as a historic building at the federal, state, county, and city levels. In December 1970, it was designated as Ventura County Historic Landmark No. 12. Five months later, in May 1971, it was designated as California Historical Landmark No. 847. Three months after that, in August 1971, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the first building in the city (and the second in the county) to be so recognized. When the City of Ventura adopted its own historic landmark program in February 1974, the courthouse was one of the first buildings to be selected, receiving the designation as Ventura Historic Landmark No. 4.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and early history</h2><br>
<h3>1873 courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The original Ventura County Courthouse was built at a cost of $10,000 in 1873 by William Dewey Hobson, who had earlier in the year successfully lobbied the California Legislature to create Ventura County. The land, donated by Bishop Thaddeus Amat, was carved out of the gardens at the Mission San Buenaventura at a location between Santa Clara, Meta (now Thompson), Figueroa, and Junipero Streets. After the new courthouse opened in 1913, the old courthouse remained vacant, though it was used for a time as housing for indigent Mexican families. The old courthouse was ultimately demolished in 1921 by contractor A. Pefley who purchased the building from the county for $200 and salvaged 200,000 bricks from the structure. A 2007 archaeological dig uncovered a portion of the mission era wall foundation built with 40 to 50 pound stones as expected from historical surveys and maps. The dig found artifacts from many periods besides the first courthouse, jail, and first hospital including signs of the long history of human settlement such as beads made of shells by Native Americans harvested from the nearby ocean.</p><br>
<h3>Design and construction (1910–1913)</h3><br>
<p>By 1910, the tower of the original courthouse was badly cracked and leaning over the front entrance. A bigger courthouse would also better serve the countys population which had grown from 5,073 in 1880 to 18,347 in 1910. Judge Felix Ewing recommended the site at the top of California Street for a new courthouse. The Board of Supervisors followed Judge Ewings recommendation, deciding to acquire land totaling 400 feet by 400 feet along the north side of Poli Street, a site occupied by the homes of James Blackstock and Henry Neel. However, a bond measure to raise funds for the new courthouse was defeated in 1911. The following year, voters approved a $150,000 bond measure to build the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The noted Los Angeles architect Albert C. Martin was commissioned to design the new courthouse. Martin&#39;s Los Angeles works include Los Angeles City Hall, the May Company Building, and St. Vincent de Paul Church. His Ventura County works include St. Mary Magdalen Church in Camarillo and the Bella Maggiore Inn in downtown Ventura.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in 1912 and 1913 at a cost of $278,000.</p><br>
<p>The July 1913 dedication of the courthouse was celebrated in two days of events with a crowd estimated at 20,000 attending the festivities. The festivities began on the first day with a lengthy parade featuring seven bands, four companies of seamen and marines from the USS South Dakota anchored at Ventura, decorated automobiles, and floats from every chamber of commerce and lodge in the county, including one built in the shape of a giant lima bean pod (then the county&#39;s biggest cash crop) and another bearing a local girl dressed as the "Goddess of Liberty". After the parade, speeches were given at Plaza Park, and horse races and fireworks followed at Seaside Park. On the second day, Adolfo Camarillo, chairman of the County Board of Supervisors, formally turned over the building, and a ball was held that evening under electric lights at the new courthouse.</p><br>
<h3>Operation as courthouse (1913–1968)</h3><br>
<p>From 1913 to 1968, the building functioned as the Ventura County Courthouse. It also housed other offices of the county government and was the site of meetings of the County Board of Supervisors.</p><br>
<p>One of the noted defense attorneys to practice at the courthouse in the 1920s and 1930s was Erle Stanley Gardner. Gardner maintained an office one block south of the courthouse from which he practiced law and also wrote the Perry Mason novels. Gardner published the first of 82 Perry Mason novels in 1933.</p><br>
<h4>Courthouse Annex</h4><br>
<p>Between 1930 and 1931, the Courthouse was expanded with the construction of a two-story annex at the western end of the building. The annex was designed by architect Harold E. Burkett and built at a cost of approximately $450,000. The annex was designed to mirror the architecture of the main courthouse with a terra cotta facade, copper roof, and bronze door. It provided space for a jail and offices for, among others, the sheriff&#39;s department, motor patrol, county board of education, farm bureau, and health department.</p><br>
<p>One of the most notorious individuals held at the annex&#39;s jail was Charles Manson. Manson was arrested in Ventura in April 1968 and held and arraigned there on a drunk driving charge.</p><br>
<h4>Elizabeth Duncan trial</h4><br>
<p>In 1958, the main courtroom at the Ventura Courthouse was the site of the nationally publicized murder trial of Elizabeth Ann Duncan. Duncan was accused of hiring two men to kidnap and kill her daughter-in-law, a nurse named Olga Duncan. The daughter-in-law was six-and-a-half months pregnant and was beaten with a wrench, pistol-whipped, strangled and dumped in a shallow grave off Casitas Pass Road. The coverage of the trial was so extensive that an extra 150 seats were added to the 99 seats in the courtroom, and a table for dozens of reporters was set up along the front rail. After a five-week trial, which included evidence that Duncan had previously hired a man to pose as her son to seek an annulment of the marriage, Duncan was convicted. After appeals were denied, Duncan and her two co-defendants were executed in the gas chamber in August 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation and later history</h2><br>
<h3>Finding of structural unsoundness and renovation</h3><br>
<p>For nearly six decades, the building served as the center of county government. During that time, the county&#39;s population grew by 2,000 percent from 18,347 in 1910 to 376,430 in 1970. The need for a larger government center prompted the County in the early 1960s to acquire 81.7 acres in east Ventura at the northeast corner of Victoria Avenue and Telephone Road.</p><br>
<p>The relocation of county government offices to east Ventura was accelerated by concerns about the seismic stability of the downtown courthouse. After a small earthquake in 1968, judges refused to hold court in the main courtroom, expressing concern that the stained-glass dome might crash down on them. (An earthquake in 1954 had caused pieces of plaster to fall from the ceiling in the courtroom and law library.) The County asked a structural engineer, W. D. Crouch Jr., to examine the building, and he concluded that the courthouse was structurally unsafe in the event of an earthquake. In November 1968, the County enacted an evacuation plan to relocate all workers from the building within 90 days. The evacuation was completed in January 1969.</p><br>
<p>City manager Ed McCombs encouraged the city council to save the building and get grants to rehabilitate the structure. In 1970, the City of Ventura bought the structure for $145,000 with the intention of making it the City Hall. Over a 17-month period from mid-1972 to December 1973, the 45,284-square-foot building was renovated and strengthened at a cost of approximately $3.4 million. Key elements of the renovation included the following:</p><br>
<p>More than 25 percent of the terra cotta tiles on the facade had deteriorated and were replaced. The company that created the original tiles, Gladding, McBean, was still in business though its name had changed to Interpace Co. Interpace still had the plans for the original tiles in its files and used those plans to create the replacement tiles. Each tile weighed 550 pounds and was fired in a kiln at 2,060 degrees. The cost of replacing the terra cotta tiles was $702,000.</p><br>
<p>The building lacked steel reinforcement when built in 1912. Structural reinforcement was achieved by using gunite sprayed concrete to replace an original layer of brick and mortar inside the walls. To attach the terra cotta facade to the new wall structure, small holes were bored, and a newly developed expanding epoxy adhesive was injected inside the walls. Warner Construction Co. of Los Angeles injected approximately 3,000 gallons of the epoxy into the walls.</p><br>
<p>The electrical and plumbing systems were replaced, as were many doors and windows.</p><br>
<p>The large courtroom on the second floor was converted into chambers for Ventura&#39;s City Council.</p><br>
<p>The city received more than $630,000 in federal grants to assist in funding the renovations, and another million dollars was to be obtained through federal revenue sharing funds. The new City Hall was dedicated in a ceremony held on December 29, 1973. It opened for business in early January 1974.</p><br>
<h3>Operation as Ventura City Hall (1974–present)</h3><br>
<p>The building became Ventura City Hall in January 1974 when the majority of the city&#39;s offices were relocated from the former city hall at 625 E. Santa Clara Street to the renovated courthouse. The old city hall had only 12,240 square feet of space, compared to approximately 49,000 square feet in the new city hall.</p><br>
<p>The city has continued to incur substantial expense to maintain and replace the buildings signature, glazed terra cotta tiles. In 1986, the City set aside $1 million for work on the structure, most of that being required to replace 547 damaged tiles on the buildings western annex. The new expenditures brought the city&#39;s total renovation costs to $8 million. In 2001, the City had a projected $6 million cost to replace additional terra cotta panels that were found to be peeling from trapped moisture.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The building has been a popular shooting location. In 1997, three films were shot there. In June 1989, actor-director Jack Nicholson filmed "The Two Jakes" (sequel to "Chinatown") at the building.</p><br>
<p>Fort McIntosh was an early American log frontier fort situated near the confluence of the Ohio River and the Beaver River in what is now Beaver, Pennsylvania. It was the first American fort north of the Ohio River at the time of its erection.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The fortress was constructed in 1778 under the direction of Lt. Col. Cambray-Digny, a French engineer, and named in honor of General Lachlan McIntosh. A conference was held at Fort Pitt in 1778 where the United States agreed to build Fort McIntosh and use it to help protect Native Americans against the British or enemy-Indian attacks in exchange for Delaware Indian cooperation in the Revolutionary War. The fort was completed by the fall of 1778 and Lachlan McIntosh then moved about 1,500 men from Pittsburgh to Beaver.</p><br>
<p>Fort McIntosh was in the form of a trapezoid, about 150 feet on each side, with raised earthen bastions on each corner. Log palisades connected the bastions, and a 15 foot wide ditch protected three sides of the fort, with the 130 foot slope to the Ohio River protecting the other side. Inside were three barracks, warehouses, officer&#39;s quarters, a forge, kitchen, and powder magazines. The fort may have had either two or four iron cannon. Supplies from the Ohio River were accessed and moved through an underground passage.</p><br>
<p>The fortress was abandoned in 1791. Fort McIntosh was used as shelter for rangers, hunters, and spies after its shutdown. The roofs decayed in 1795 and only the western wing remained standing at that point. After the Revolution, the fort was the home of the First American Regiment, the oldest active unit in the United States Army. Between the decay, lack of supplies, vandalism, and lessened importance of the fort as the frontier shifted further westward, Fort McIntosh became largely obsolete.</p><br>
<h2>McIntosh Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Lachlan McIntosh began his service during the Revolutionary War as Colonel of the Georgia Battalion in January 1776. In 1778, he served alongside General George Washington at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, after which McIntosh was given command of the Continental Army’s Western Department. With the creation of Fort McIntosh and Fort Laurens, McIntosh initiated a campaign for control of the Northwest Territory from Britain’s Native American allies in the Ohio Valley.</p><br>
<h2>The Treaty of Fort McIntosh</h2><br>
<p>The Treaty of Fort McIntosh was signed on January 21, 1785. Its goal was to create clear title to Delaware Indian lands in Pennsylvania so Revolutionary soldiers could then purchase said lands with certificates of depreciation. The Treaty was less a negotiation and rather an imposition on the Delaware, Wyandots, Chippewas, and Ottowas. The Native Americans gave up two thirds of Ohio in Article III of the Treaty, establishing the first boundary in the Northwest from which future territories were measured.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation and Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1974, citizens of Beaver, Pennsylvania received assistance from the University of Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Museum to locate Fort McIntosh’s remains and undertake excavations. They were successful in uncovering the stone footers which marked the walls and fireplaces of the fort. 80,000 identifiable artifacts were found in four years of digging. A dedication was held for the site on October 7, 1978 by USA Army General William Westmoreland, a full 200 years after Fort McIntosh was first constructed. In late 2010, a local business owner donated money for a granite and sandstone memorial on the fort site.</p><br>
<p>The fort site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. In 1996, most of Beaver was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the "Beaver Historic District." At that time, the fort site was singled out as one of the most significant of the district&#39;s 1,250 contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The Beaver Area Heritage Foundation protects the restored site, which features granite monuments and bronze plaques, as well as the original stone footers of the walls and fireplaces.</p><br>
<h2>Site Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The legacy of Fort McIntosh lives on in the present day through the work of the Fort McIntosh Club institution in Beaver, Pennsylvania. Since 1911, the Club has strived to foster fellowship with the community via service outings, mentoring, and philanthropy. It unites passionate individuals who want to create positive change within Beaver County. The Fort McIntosh Foundation, established as a not-for-profit organization in 2015, makes financial contributions to military members and veterans, youth, families, and other organizations in the county.</p><br>
<p>The Beaver community also honors the importance of the fort to Western Pennsylvania with Fort McIntosh Day. Festivities include lessons on daily life in the 1700s and reenactments of canon fire and regimental drills by the Fort McIntosh and Wayne’s 4th Sub-Legion of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Neville, Gabriel (2020). Emerging Revolutionary War Era. Includes a detailed contemporary description of the fort.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Camulos, now known as Rancho Camulos Museum, is a ranch located in the Santa Clara River Valley 2.2 mi east of Piru, California, and just north of the Santa Clara River, in Ventura County, California. It was the home of Ygnacio del Valle, a Californio alcalde of the Pueblo de Los Angeles in the 19th century and later elected member of the California State Assembly. The ranch was known as the Home of Ramona because it was widely believed to have been the setting of the popular 1884 novel Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson. The novel helped to raise awareness about the Californio lifestyle and romanticized "the mission and rancho era of California history."</p><br>
<p>The 1,800 acre working ranch is a prime example of an early California rancho in its original rural setting. It was the source of the first commercially grown oranges in Ventura County. It is one of the few remaining citrus growers in Southern California.</p><br>
<p>State Route 126 bisects the property, with most of the main buildings located south of the highway, and a few buildings on the north. The main adobe is one of the few extant Spanish Colonial buildings left in the state. Most of the other buildings are done in Mission Revival or Spanish Colonial Revival styles, both of which are derivatives of the original.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Camulos is designated a National Historic Landmark, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and has also been designated as a California Historical Landmark. Many of the buildings and grounds are open to the public as a museum of this period in California history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1769, the Spanish Portola expedition, the first Europeans known to see inland areas of California, traveled downriver by boat and camped by the Santa Clara River on August 10. Their exact location is unknown but this area was later included in the territory of Rancho Camulos. Fray Juan Crespi, a Franciscan missionary traveling with the expedition, named the valley Cañada de Santa Clara.</p><br>
<p>The indigenous Tataviam people had a village here named Kamulus (meaning "juniper".) The area was used as early as 1804 by Mission San Fernando Rey de España for growing crops and as a grazing area for livestock. The population of this relatively isolated area (only traversed by the El Camino Real), as recorded by William Edward Petty Hartnell during his inspection of the mission in 1839, was 416. It was included in the 48,612 acre Rancho San Francisco granted to Del Valle&#39;s father, Antonio del Valle, administrator of Mission San Fernando, by Governor Juan B. Alvarado on January 22, 1839, after the secularization of the missions.</p><br>
<p>After Antonios death in 1841, his son Ygnacio inherited Rancho San Francisco. This action was challenged in court by his fathers second wife. Nevertheless, by 1853 Del Valle constructed a four-room adobe house and a corral at Camulos. By 1857, the land title dispute was settled. Ygnacio got the western portion and the remainder was split among Antonio&#39;s children and his second wife. Del Valle bought back some of the other portions from his family, as well as the neighboring Rancho Temescal to the north, and began livestock operations on the expanded area.</p><br>
<p>The younger Del Valle and his family did not live on the ranch initially, instead settling in a house on what is now Olvera Street in Los Angeles. The Del Valle family did not move back to Camulos, which he had expanded, until 1861. During this time, the ranch was overseen by José Antonio Salazar, Del Valle&#39;s majordomo. Although the rancho was associated with Ramona and Mexican California, the house was not constructed until after the United States acquired the territory and California was admitted as a state. The Del Valle family never lived there under Mexican rule.</p><br>
<p>In the 1860s, a drought forced Del Valle to sell off much of his land, but he retained Camulos and prospered there. By the time of his death in 1880, he had expanded the house to twenty rooms, and the compound had become a self-sustaining ranch, complete with a brick winery, chapel, barn and workers housing. Records indicate that in 1870 the ranch was largest vintner in the area. A stagecoach line opened in 1874 and in 1887, Southern Pacific ran a rail line past the ranch, including a depot at Camulos, ending the ranchs isolation.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, the Del Valle Company was incorporated by Ygnacio&#39;s children, but by 1924, they had sold the property to August Rübel, a native of Zürich, Switzerland. Upon its sale, the Los Angeles Times lamented that:</p><br>
<p>An era in the history of California closed yesterday. The Del Valles of Camulos bade farewell to the homestead where they have lived in successive generations since Antonio del Valle. It was the passing of the old regime. They are said to be the last of the old Spanish families who held in unbroken succession to the ancestral acres. –Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1924</p><br>
<p>Rübel continued operating the ranch in the same manner as the Del Valles, employing many of same workers. He had served in the American Field Service during World War I and when World War II broke out, he volunteered for active duty again. He died while serving in Tunisia in 1943. After his death, his widow Mary married a man named Edwin Burger, who was not as interested in maintaining the rancho. After Marys death in 1968, Burger closed the ranch entirely. The buildings and grounds were left untended for years. Rübels heirs regained control of the property after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, which had damaged a number of buildings on the rancho.</p><br>
<p>The Rübel family restored commercial citrus production and set about repairing the earthquake damage. They successfully lobbied to have Camulos listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. In 2000, it was further designated a National Historic Landmark. Although the main house was restored in 1996, funding was not available to restore the smaller buildings until 2006, with construction completed in spring 2007. The rancho is on State Route 126, but little is visible from the highway.</p><br>
<p>The driveway/parking lot and grounds immediate to the highway were used as a filming location for the 1970 science-fiction television movie The Love War.</p><br>
<h3>Agricultural development</h3><br>
<p>Del Valle acquired his first Valencia orange seedlings in 1857 from his friend William Wolfskill. The fruit from these trees was the first to be commercially grown in what is now Ventura County, although this was relatively small scale because the crops had to be taken by wagon to Los Angeles. A Southern Pacific line opened in 1876 seventeen miles (27 km) to the east in Saugus, providing a more convenient form of transport.</p><br>
<p>However, the primary agricultural product from Rancho Camulos was wine. Ninety acres (360,000 m²) of vineyards were planted in the 1860s and Camulos wines and brandies were known throughout Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. In 1870, records indicate Camulos was largest of the four vintners in the San Buenaventura Township of Santa Barbara County, with 45 tons (40,900 kg) of grapes grown, making 6,000 US gallons (23,000 L) of wine and 800 US gallons (3,000 L) of brandy. In addition to oranges and grapes, the ranch produced almonds, walnuts, apricots, wheat, corn and barley. Flower petals from roses grown at Camulos were shipped to Europe to make perfume.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the vineyards were replaced by other fruits. Today, about 600 acre are under cultivation, most of it oranges, but lemons, grapefruit, and avocados are grown too. This makes Camulos a rare instance of a surviving citrus operation. During the years 1920–45, the citrus industry underwent a period of great growth. In contrast to the natural desert-like conditions of the area, photographs of "citrus belts" were publicized that helped establish the image of Southern California for the nation as an idyllic farmland. After World War II, urban and suburban development displaced much of the Southern California citrus production, with the notable exception of the Santa Clara River Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Ramona</h3><br>
<p>Ramona, published in 1884, was based in part on experiences that Helen Hunt Jackson had had during her visit to Rancho Camulos in 1882. Jackson spent only two hours on the ranch and did not meet Ysabel del Valle, but she had a keen eye for details and used many of her observations in the novel. For example, the altar cloth in the rancho&#39;s chapel had a small tear in it which had been mended. In the novel, the character Margarita accidentally tears the altar cloth, and Ramona sews it back together. The book became extremely popular and inspired a great deal of tourism, which was stimulated by the improved access possible due to the opening of Southern Pacific railroad lines in Southern California.</p><br>
<p>With all of the interest generated by the book, a number of communities declared that they were the setting for the novel in order to cash in on the boom, most notably Rancho Guajome in San Diego County, which Jackson had also visited prior to writing her book. However, the location of the fictional Moreno Ranch, "midway in the valley to the east and west, which had once belonged to the Missions of San Fernando and San Bonaventura" corresponds to the location of Rancho Camulos, and the physical description of some of the buildings on the fictional ranch accurately describe buildings at Camulos. On the other hand, relative to the other locations in the novel (Ramonas having been married in San Diego and Alessandros family being from the Temecula area), Camulos seems too distant to be the real location. Jackson died in 1885, never having publicly disclosed what locations she drew from for the book. Historians today are unsure whether Moreno Ranch represented a historic site.</p><br>
<p>By 1886, many readers and observers already considered Camulos to be the setting of the novel. Edward Roberts published an article entitled, "Ramonas Home: A Visit to the Camulos Ranch, and to the Scenes Described by H.H.&#39;" in the May 13, 1886 edition of the San Francisco Chronicle. Significantly, he was one of the first to publish an account that blended fact and fiction. The inclusion of his article as an appendix to later versions of the novel only served to cement that association.</p><br>
<p>The first book solely devoted to Ramona and the ranch was published in 1888 by Charles Fletcher Lummis, a close friend of the Del Valles and an admirer of their daughter, the teenage Susana Carmen (nicknamed "Susanita") del Valle. Lummis took photographs of the buildings and published them in his own book, Home of Ramona: Photographs of Camulos, the Fine Old Spanish Estate Described by Mrs. Helen Hunt Jackson as the Home of "Ramona". He emphasized that the Del Valles were nothing like the fictional Morenos, who treated Ramona poorly, but he too would mix fact with fiction. For instance, he wrote, " is about a hundred feet in length and runs from the door of Father Salvierderras room to that of Ramonas room."</p><br>
<p>Lummiss goal was to discourage the novels association with other properties. For the same purpose, Adam Clark Vromans Ramona Illustrated: The Genesis of the Story of Ramona compared photographs of the ranchos buildings and environs with text from the novel, as well as photographs from competing locations. By 1909, George Wharton James could confidently declare that Camulos was the "avowed and accepted home of the heroine".</p><br>
<p>Despite the lack of easy access to the ranch and any lodging in the area, tourists flocked to this site. The 1887 completion of the Southern Pacific line increased the number of visitors, as the railroad featured the ranch in its advertisements in order to distinguish the line from its competitors. Although the ranch was not developed for tourism, the Del Valles, with their Californio sense of hospitality, would lodge the visitors. By October 1888, housing visitors was getting to be so expensive for the family that Reginaldo del Valle pressed his mother to stop being so hospitable. The tourists could be quite a nuisance, and visitors would steal items from the house as souvenirs, or help themselves to fruit from the orchards.</p><br>
<p>The name Camulos became so tied to the novel that many people began to use it instead of the original "Moreno Ranch" when referring to the novel. An 1897 play based on the book was called, "Ramona, or the Bells of Camulos". In Virginia Calhoun&#39;s 1905 stage adaptation, characters in the play called the ranch Camulos as well.</p><br>
<p>D. W. Griffith shot portions of his 1910 silent film adaptation at the rancho, using the chapel, the adobe and patio, and the nearby mountains as backdrops. Paintings and photographs of the rancho by noted artists such as Adam Clark Vroman, Henry Sandham (who had accompanied Jackson on her initial tour), Henry Chapman Ford, and Alexander Harmer also illustrated later versions of the novel.</p><br>
<p>Although tourism brought much difficulty to the Del Valles, they capitalized upon their newfound fame, branding their wine and oranges as the "Home of Ramona Brand". Their label used the same view of the veranda that had been popularized in postcards. One Tataviam servant girl was said to make quite a bit of money by pretending to be the "real Ramona" and charging tourists for a photograph.</p><br>
<p>Tourists continued to arrive even after the SP relocated its main line in 1903 through the Santa Susana Pass, bypassing Camulos. Two daily trains made stops at Camulos until the service was discontinued in the 1940s, with tourism by automobile having become the preferred method of travel. After the Rübels took ownership in 1924, they continued to welcome visitors in small numbers, converting the second floor of the winery into a small museum with artifacts from the Del Valle family. The rancho hosts an annual "Ramona Days" festival in October.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>Fifteen buildings are open to the public as part of the Rancho Camulos Museum, all of which were built before 1930 and are still in their original locations. They were built mostly in Spanish Colonial or Mission Revival styles (the latter is derived from the former). Later buildings were designed in differing architectural styles, more representative of their period of construction. Landscaping features, such as lawns, flower gardens, ornamental trees, and walkways, separate the residential areas from the working portions of the ranch.</p><br>
<p>The main adobe, also called the Ygnacio del Valle adobe, is a 10,000-square foot (929 m²), twenty-room, U-shaped structure. When initially constructed in 1853, it was an L-shaped four-room house connected with an external corredor (as opposed to an interior hallway), as is typical of the Spanish Colonial style. It is unusual for its time period because around this time, the Monterey style was in vogue, as is evidenced by contemporaneous buildings in Santa Barbara. Los Alamos Ranch House in Santa Barbara County, and Rancho Guajome Adobe and Las Flores Adobe in San Diego County, all National Historic Landmarks, are built in a similar style.</p><br>
<p>The house expanded in several phases. In 1861, before the Del Valle family moved here permanently, they added three additional rooms as well as a free-standing cocina (kitchen). This was to keep fire away from the main building, as well as to keep it cooler. A basement was dug out as the foundation of the new rooms. In the 1870s, another wing was added perpendicular to the 1861 addition. Finally, some time after 1895, one more room was added to the new wing, as well as a breezeway to the kitchen, completing the current shape. Remodeling completed after this time was to the interior only.</p><br>
<p>The basement of the house initially served as the wine storage area. In 1867, the family had a one-and-a-half-story brick winery constructed. After 1900, when wine grapes were no longer grown commercially, this building served as a storage room. Rübel later converted it to a museum for Ramona visitors, complete with Del Valle family artifacts. In the 21st century it is used for storage of farm equipment and automobiles.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the main house is a large California Black Walnut (Juglans californica) tree that was most likely planted by Juventino del Valle in the 1860s. It measures 25 ft in circumference and its branches spread out almost half an acre (2,000 m²). It is believed to be the largest Black Walnut tree in the area.</p><br>
<p>The wooden chapel was constructed around 1867, replacing a makeshift chapel that had been set up in 1861. After the secularization of the missions, this chapel became known as the "lost mission", the only place of worship between Mission San Fernando and Mission San Buenaventura. Directly to the northwest of the chapel is a bell structure. It originally contained three bells on a freestanding frame, which were used to call worshipers to Mass. The largest and a second, slightly smaller bell were cast at Kodiak, Alaska. The smaller one had previously been used at Mission San Fernando and may have been relocated to Camulos by Antonio del Valle when he was administrator at San Fernando. The third, and smallest bell, is missing.</p><br>
<p>The exact dates of construction of the barn, gas station, and bunkhouse are unknown, but the American Craftsman style of architecture indicates it was between 1910 and 1916, when this was popular. The barn is located to the northwest of the living quarters, in the main work area. The gas station and bunkhouse are not depicted on the map.</p><br>
<p>The small adobe, next to the highway, was built by Nachito del Valle. This Spanish Colonial Revival house was constructed around 1920. It was damaged severely in the 1994 earthquake. Since its reconstruction, it has served as the museum&#39;s visitor center.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse, constructed in 1930, was the last structure to be built on the property. It was built by Rübel for his and his bookkeeper&#39;s families and designed to match the main adobe.</p><br>
<p>Few buildings are left on the north side of the highway. The most notable are the wooden Southern Pacific saltbox-style section house and workers bunkhouse, both built in 1887. A train depot and post office both stood in this area, but have been torn down. Three extant farmworkers bungalows, built by the Del Valle family in 1916, are located west of the section house.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>United States National Historic Landmarkadded February 16, 2000</p><br>
<p>United States National Register of Historic Placesreference number 96001137, added November 1, 1996</p><br>
<p>California Historical Landmarknumber 553</p><br>
<p>Winter Island is an island connected by a causeway to Salem Neck in Salem, Massachusetts. It is about 45 acre in size, and is bounded by Smith Pool to the northwest, Cat Cove to the west, Salem Channel to the south and east, and Juniper Cove to the north. The island has about a dozen residences at the north end and one road, Winter Island Road. The Plummer Home for Boys  sits on 18 acre of land on the northeastern shore. The balance of the island is Winter Island Marine Park. The entire island was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Winter Island Historic District and Archeological District in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Winter Island Marine Park is located on the former site of the Coast Guard Air Station Salem. It&#39;s a marine recreational park open to the public. The park takes up the southern portion of the peninsula. The main attractions of the park are the historic Fort Pickering, the Fort Pickering Lighthouse, Salem Harbor, a boat launching ramp, and the former Coast Guard seaplane hangar and barracks. Fort Pickering is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, a master plan was developed for Winter Island, with help from the planning and design firm The Cecil Group of Boston and Bioengineering Group of Salem, and the City of Salem paid $45,000 in federal money.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Winter Island has seen use since the early settlement of Salem in the 1620s. It was first used as a fish drying and shipbuilding area by early colonial settlers, and was since the mid-17th century considered a strategic defensive point for Salem, which was by then on its way to becoming an economically important port. Fort Pickering was first built in 1643, rebuilt during Queen Annes War and the American Revolutionary War, and continued to be fortified through the American Civil War. The sail frigate was built at one of Enos Briggs shipyards on the island in 1799. Fort Pickering Light was built in 1871, and the military use of the island was eventually transformed into a Coast Guard air station. Even this use was discontinued in the 20th century, and the island was turned over to the city, which established Winter Island Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>The Aboy-Lompré Residence , also known as the Aboy House , is a historic house built in San Juan, Puerto Rico between 1910 and 1912 for the Aboy-Ferrer Family. The house now hosts several cultural and religious institutions including the Shaare Zedeck Synagogue and the Jewish Community Center of Puerto Rico, and a photojournalism museum.</p><br>
<h2>Design and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The design for Casa Aboy was the product of various architects, among them Antonin Nechodoma, a disciple of Frank Lloyd Wright. Nechodoma, who moved to Puerto Rico around 1905, used a tropical style of architecture which became popular in the island. Puerto Rican architect Miguel Ferrer and engineer Francisco Pons also worked on the property&#39;s design with the purpose of taking advantage of the north breezes and natural light of the location. Pons and Ferrer hired Frank B. Hatch, who had worked with Nechodoma, also put some of his ideas in the design of the house. Finally, Ramón Aboy Lompré made his own suggestions for the house, which he would inhabit.</p><br>
<p>The house entrance features an ample house-wide porch with two posts, typical of Nechodomas style. The attic windows were altered to adorn the front of the house, and the tinted glass were bought on the Dominican Republic. Aside of the porch, it also features ornamental tiles, a double interior staircase, and the style of the roof are all Nechodomas trademarks. However, unlike his style, the house features big rooms, and a wide hallway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After its construction, the Aboy Residence was a common setting for social gatherings. The building on the original lot, which extended from the avenue in front to what is now Martí Street, no longer exists. Upon the death of the original owner, the lot was divided between his two sons who built twin residences there. However, in 1986, after a legal battle over the inheritance, the house was closed. Shortly after, Ramón Aboy died.</p><br>
<p>Today only the house built by Don Ramón Aboy remains. It has been declared part of Puerto Rico&#39;s "cultural heritage," and it houses the Federación de Foto Periodistas de Puerto Rico (Federation of Photojournalists of Puerto Rico). The Federation helped fund Ramón Aboy Miranda, a direct descendant of the original owner.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the Aboy Residence was listed at the National Register of Historic Sites. The local government began the process of restoring it with the help of the Puerto Rican Institute of Culture, and Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly, among others. The house was reopened on May 5, 1994, for the purpose of free cultural activities. It also housed the Cultural Center Ramón Aboy Miranda, which is part of the Puerto Rican Institute of Culture.</p><br>
<p>The street that runs past the residence also carries the name of the Aboy family because it was constructed on the lands that belonged to them. Distinguished members of this family have included the aforementioned Ramón Aboy Miranda (accomplished Puerto Rican photojournalist); José Ferrer (actor and first Puerto Rican to win an Academy Award), and Carmen Aboy de Valldejuli (Puerto Rican cooking pioneer and author, with her husband Luis Valldejuli Duprey, of various Puerto Rican cookbooks).</p><br>
<p>The Indiana State Soldiers and Sailors Monument is a tall neoclassical monument built on Monument Circle, a circular, brick-paved street that intersects Meridian and Market streets in the center of downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. In the years since its public dedication on May 15, 1902, the monument has become an iconic symbol of Indianapolis, the state capital of Indiana. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 13, 1973, and was included in an expansion of the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza National Historic Landmark District in December 2016. It is located in the Washington Street-Monument Circle Historic District. It is also the largest outdoor memorial and the largest of its kind in Indiana.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by German architect Bruno Schmitz and built over a thirteen-year period, between 1888 and 1901. The monuments original purpose was to honor Hoosiers who were veterans of the American Civil War; however, it is also a tribute to Indianas soldiers who served during the American Revolutionary War, territorial conflicts that partially led to the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and the Spanish–American War. The monument is the first in the United States to be dedicated to the common soldier.</p><br>
<p>The obelisk-shaped monument is built of oolitic limestone from Owen County, Indiana. It rests on a raised foundation surrounded by pools and fountains. Broad stone steps on its north and south sides lead to two terraces at its base. Stone tablets above the bronze entrance doors on the obelisks north and south sides bear inscriptions commemorating Indianas soldiers. An inscription above the tablets reads: "To Indianas Silent Victors." An observation deck is accessible by stairs or elevator from the interior. Its commemorative statuary and fountains are made primarily of oolitic limestone and bronze. At the time of the monuments dedication in 1902, its cost was $598,318. It has been estimated that construction of a similar structure in 2014 would exceed $500 million.</p><br>
<p>The memorial includes several notable outdoor sculptures, including Rudolph Schwarzs two massive limestone groupings of War and Peace, two smaller scenes named The Dying Soldier and The Return Home, and four military figures at its base. Three astragals, one by Nikolaus (Nicolaus) Geiger and two others by George T. Brewster, surround the stone obelisk. Additional sculptures include John H. Mahoneys bronze statues of George Rogers Clark, William Henry Harrison, and James Whitcomb, and Franklin Simmonss bronze statue of Oliver P. Morton. Brewsters 30 ft bronze statue of Victory crowns the obelisk. The Indianapolis monument is approximately 21 ft shorter than New York City&#39;s 305 ft Statue of Liberty, and at the time of completion, was the second-tallest monument in the United States, behind the Washington Monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally the plot of land at the center of Indianapolis was used as a public gathering place, the site of the Indiana governor&#39;s residence, and a city park. Construction on the monument began in 1888 and was dedicated in 1902.</p><br>
<h3>Governor&#39;s Circle and Circle Park</h3><br>
<p>The original plan of Indianapolis, founded in 1821, and platted by Alexander Ralston, included a circular, 80 ft wide street that surrounded a circular, 3 acre plot of land as the focal point at the center of town. The site was originally called the Governors Circle because of its designation as the future site of the Indiana governors residence. The Circle was a hub of community life from the towns beginning in 1821. It was used as a gathering place for religious services before the towns churches were built. A weekly market was held on the site from 1822 to 1824.</p><br>
<p>A governors residence was built on the Circle in 1827. Due to the mansions public location and poor construction, no governor ever lived there; however, it was used as offices for Indiana&#39;s Supreme Court justices, the Indiana State Library, and the State Bank of Indiana. It was also a site for civic events and celebrations such as inaugural balls for new governors, fundraising events for charity, military receptions, Fourth of July celebrations, and community meetings. By 1851 the building had deteriorated. It was torn down in 1857, and the site became a vacant lot.</p><br>
<p>As Indianapolis grew and developed during and after the Civil War, the area became a popular meeting place for mass gatherings, public rallies, and celebrations of wartime victories. In 1867 the site was cleaned up, fenced, and designated as the citys Circle Park. The park remained vacant until 1884, when a bronze statue of Oliver P. Morton, Indianas Civil War-era governor, was erected at its center. Franklin Simmons, an American sculptor living in Rome, Italy, and a noted sculptor of other Civil War memorial statues, created the statue of Morton, which was surrounded by an iron fence. Dedication ceremonies took place on June 15, 1884, with Indiana governor Conrad Baker presiding. Senator Benjamin Harrison and Colonel William Dudley delivered speeches during the event.</p><br>
<h3>Monument proposals</h3><br>
<p>Many times after the Civil War suggestions were made to build a monument honoring Indianas Civil War veterans. The first proposal was made on April 1, 1862, when an anonymous editorial in the Indianapolis Daily Journal suggested a monument be erected in Circle Park; however, no action was taken. Talk of a monument continued in the years following the war. In 1867 governor Morton suggested a monument be erected on the highest point in Crown Hill Cemetery, but nothing came of it. In 1872 William H. English addressed a group of Civil War veterans and expressed his support for a monument at Crown Hill, but a bill introduced in the state legislature failed to pass. Other potential sites for the monument included University Park, Military Park, and the corner of Washington and Illinois streets in the citys downtown business district, along the National Road.</p><br>
<p>No progress was made on the monument until August 1875, when George J. Langsdale, a newspaper editor of the Greencastle Banner, presented a plan for a memorial during the first reunion of Civil War veterans, which was held in Indianapolis. Langsdale&#39;s idea was favorably received and a monument association was formed. By 1887 the Indiana Department of the Grand Army of the Republic had raised $23,380, before relinquishing responsibility for the monument to the State of Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Further action was taken on March 3, 1887, when the Indiana General Assembly passed a bill to form a monument commission, whose original members included Samuel B. Voyles, D. C. McCollum, Daniel M. Ransdell, George J. Johnson, James, G. Gookins, and Langsdale, who was elected the committees president at its first meeting on June 28, 1887. Randsell, who resigned two years later, was replaced by Thomas W. Bennett, and William H. English replaced Bennett. Some state legislators disagreed over use of the Circle as the monuments site; however, the legislative act that authorized it specifically identified the intended site as Circle Park.</p><br>
<h3>Design and construction</h3><br>
<p>To select a design for the new monument, the commission established an international contest and solicited ten architects to submit sketches. Notices were also placed in leading newspapers in the United States, Canada, England, France, Germany, and Italy, to encourage others to submit their ideas. The contest deadline was set for January 12, 1888, and seventy designs were submitted. The selection committee, who initially did not know the identity of the designers, chose two entries for further consideration. Bruno Schmitz, an architect from Berlin, Prussia, who submitted a design called Symbol of Indiana was the commissioners unanimous choice as the winner. Schmitz, an architect knowledgeable in the field of monument design, was also a friend and fellow artist of the commissions secretary, James F. Gookins, when the two lived in Munich, Germany. Percy Stone, of London, England, received $500 for his second-prize entry.</p><br>
<p>Several individuals and companies were involved in the monuments construction. Schmitz received his commission as the projects supervising architect in February 1888. His contract for the project specified his commission as five percent of the monuments total cost. Although ambiguous language in the authorizing bill created some confusion over the type of memorial to be erected, either a single monument or a combination of monument and memorial hall, the controversy was cleared up in 1893, six years after the bills initial passage, when its confusing statement was repealed. In the meantime, construction continued using Schmitz&#39;s design.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone was laid on August 22, 1889. Inside, a copper box contained, among other items, an official list of all Indiana soldiers who had served in the Civil War, newspapers, copies of Indianas two constitutions, a thirty-eight-star American flag, a photograph of Schmitz, the ceremonys program, and other related paraphernalia from the Grand Army of the Republic, the Womens Relief Corps, the Sons of the Republic, and other groups. Ceremonies held on the northeast corner of the monument included a speech by President Benjamin Harrison, an artillery salute, and a parade. Members of Harrisons cabinet, Indiana&#39;s governor Alvin P. Hovey, and other state officials were present. The Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic was master of ceremonies. It was the first monument in the United States to be dedicated to the common soldier.</p><br>
<p>Public donations and the Indiana General Assembly&#39;s initial appropriations were not sufficient to fund the complete project. More funds were required. The state legislature appropriated an additional $160,000, and in 1891, raised over $123,000 with an additional property tax. Construction on the monument, which began in 1888, took thirteen years to complete. The obelisk was completed in 1892, the main elements by 1894, and its final installations in 1901.</p><br>
<h3>Dedication</h3><br>
<p>The monument was formally dedicated on May 15, 1902. Thousands came to the public event, which began at 8 a.m. with a parade of flags and veterans of the Mexican-American, Civil, and Spanish–American Wars, and ended with an evening fireworks display. The formal dedication ceremony was held at 10 a.m. with General Lew Wallace as the master of ceremonies. General David R. Lucas led the gathering in prayer, and Governor Winfield T. Durbin, Wallace, and John W. Foster, the former United States Secretary of State under President Benjamin Harrison, gave speeches. A male chorus sang and poet James Whitcomb Riley read his poem "The Soldier", which was written especially for the occasion. Musicians played John Philip Sousas "The Messiah of the Nations", a march he had composed for the occasion. Following a second parade in the afternoon and an evening vesper service, the bells of Christ Church sounded and its choir sang "My Country, Tis of Thee".</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The monument has been modified and updated several times since its dedication in 1902.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, a museum opened in the basement of the monument with equipment and artifacts from the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, Floodlights were added to the surrounding candelabra.</p><br>
<p>Starting in the Christmas season of 1945, the monument has been decorated. In 1962, it was first decorated as the "world&#39;s largest Christmas tree", with garlands and cables of lights stretching to the top.</p><br>
<p>The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 13, 1973.</p><br>
<p>A series of repairs to the monument began in September 2009. Angled windows, which had allowed some rain to seep in, were replaced with vertical windows, and steel supports for the Victory statue were replaced. The Monument&#39;s observation deck reopened on November 28 of that year.</p><br>
<p>In April 2011, Victory was removed for restoration and returned to its original position atop the monument.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior design</h2><br>
<p>The monument is built at the center of Monument Circle, a circular, brick-paved street that intersects Meridian and Market streets at the center of downtown Indianapolis. The neoclassical-style obelisk is built of oolitic limestone from the Romona Stone Company quarries in Owen County, Indiana. It rests on a raised foundation measuring 30 ft in depth, surrounded by pools and fountains. Broad stone steps on the north and south sides, each 70 ft in length, lead to two terraces at the base of the monument.</p><br>
<p>Limestone tablets above the bronze entrance doors on the north and south sides of the obelisk bear inscriptions commemorating Indiana&#39;s soldiers who served in the American Revolutionary War and the capture of Vincennes from the British in 1779, the War of 1812 and related Indian wars (1811–12), the Mexican–American War (1846–48), and the American Civil War (1861–65). An inscription above the tablets reads: "To Indiana’s Silent Victors."</p><br>
<h3>Sculptures</h3><br>
<p>Bruno Schmitz hired Rudolph Schwarz, an Austrian-born sculptor, to create War and Peace, two massive limestone groupings for the monument. Schwarz adapted Schmitzs original design and added two smaller scenes, The Dying Soldier and The Return Home, below the main groupings. Schwarz also carved four heroic military figures representing the artillery, cavalry, infantry, and navy for the monuments base and executed its bronze entrance doors.</p><br>
<p>Three bronze astragals, one by Nikolaus Geiger and two by George Brewster, surround the stone obelisk. The first astragal is placed 70 ft above the obelisks base. The second astragal is 12 ft above the first. The third astragal is 80 ft above the base, below the capital. Geiger, of Berlin, Germany, cast and shipped the first astragal, a battlefield scene of the army, from Germany. He never saw the monument at Indianapolis and died before its completion. Brewster, an American sculptor from Cleveland, Ohio, created the second astragal with a naval theme that includes a portrait relief of Admiral David Farragut. Brewster also designed the third astragal with the dates 1861 and 1865, the Civil Wars beginning and ending dates.</p><br>
<p>Brewster&#39;s Victory crowns the memorial. Atop of the monument, Schmitz imagined a classical sculpture featuring a winged Nike, the Greek goddess of war, to symbolize victory in battle. The statue, which became known as Indiana or Miss Indiana, is 30 ft tall and weighs ten tons. It faces south and cost $12,500. The statue also includes a symbolic sword representing victory, a torch that signifies "the light of civilization", and an eagle, a symbol of freedom.</p><br>
<p>Additional outdoor sculptures include Indianapolis sculptor John Mahoneys bronze statues of George Rogers Clark, William Henry Harrison, and James Whitcomb, and Franklin Simmonss bronze statue of Oliver P. Morton. The statue of Morton, Indianas governor from 1861 to 1867, was erected at the center of the Circle in 1884. When construction began on the new monument, the statue of Morton was removed from its original site. It was reinstalled on the southeast side of the monument, around 1899, to represent Indianas role in the Civil War. In 1895, Mahoney received a commission to create three additional sculptures to represent Indianas role in earlier conflicts. His statue of Clark, on the northwest side of the monument, represents the American Revolution. The statue of Harrison, hero of the battle of Tippecanoe, is installed on the monuments northeast side and represents the War of 1812. The statue of James Whitcomb, Indianas governor from 1843 to 1848, is installed on monuments southwest side to represent the Mexican–American War.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, the original cascading fountains were replaced with larger versions. Four large candelabra, each 40 ft in height, were installed on pedestals at the north and south steps, while smaller candelabra were placed around the monument to illuminate the drinking fountains installed into bronze buffalo heads.</p><br>
<h2>Interior elements</h2><br>
<p>An elevator and stairway provide access to the monuments observation deck from the base of its interior. The monument also houses a gift shop. The monuments basement formerly housed the Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum, but water leakage in 2018 forced the museum to be moved to the Indiana War Memorial building. In 2019, 369,104 guests visited the monument.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>In the years since its public dedication on May 15, 1902, the monument has become an iconic symbol of Indianapolis. It is the first monument in the United States to be dedicated to the common soldier, and the largest outdoor memorial and the largest of its kind in Indiana. The monument was included in the National Register of Historic Places on February 13, 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the American Planning Association recognized Monument Circle as one of nation&#39;s "great public spaces" in its annual "Great Places in America" ranking.</p><br>
<p>The minor league Indy Eleven soccer team features Victory prominently in their logo.</p><br>
<p>The Indianapolis city police have the monument as a feature of their badge.</p><br>
<h2>Monument Circle</h2><br>
<p>The monument is surrounded by the 342 ft diameter Monument Circle. The Circle is lined with retail shops, studios for several local radio stations, the Hilbert Circle Theatre (home of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra), financial institutions, the Columbia Club (one of the oldest social clubs of Indiana), Christ Church Cathedral, and the AES Indiana corporate headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The Circle Tower is a 1930 building in the southeast quadrant of Monument Circle. The building features an Egyptian-motif with other design details that include an ornate lobby.</p><br>
<p>Monument Circle is a prominent public gathering place in Indianapolis to commemorate notable events, including concerts, political demonstrations, and photo opportunities.</p><br>
<p>The flag of Indianapolis includes a graphic representation of Monument Circle and the two streets (Meridian and Market) that intersect it.</p><br>
<h2>Circle of Lights</h2><br>
<p>During the Christmas season the monument is decorated as an enormous Christmas tree. This annual city tradition, which became known as the "Circle of Lights", began in 1962. The tree lighting ceremony is held the day after Thanksgiving. The decoration of the monument uses 4,784 lights and 52 strands of garland put in place by volunteers from the local IBEW. More than 100,000 people attend the ceremony and the event is televised to an estimated 50,000 households.</p><br>
<p>The Myrtles Plantation is a historic home and former antebellum plantation in St. Francisville, Louisiana, United States built in 1796 by General David Bradford. In the early history of the property, it was worked by enslaved people. It is reportedly a haunted place, and has been featured in television. The Myrtles Plantation has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978.</p><br>
<h2>House and grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Sited on a hill, the eastward-facing frame house, which features a clapboard exterior, is built in the Creole cottage style that characterized many Louisiana plantation houses in the 19th century. The original house was built in 1796 and featured six bays and three dormers on the roof. In the mid-1850s, the one-and-a-half-story house was extended south, almost doubling its size, and increased to nine bays including a new double door entrance. The entry doors are surrounded with a transom and sidelights, showcasing original hand-painted stained glass, etched and patterned after the French cross to allegedly ward off evil. The main feature of the Myrtles is the 125-foot-long veranda that extends the entire length of the façade, and wraps around the southern end of the house. The ornamental cast-iron railing, with an elaborate grape-cluster design, supports a broad Doric entablature, and on the gabled roof, with six brick chimneys, are two large double-paned, pedimented dormers with Doric style pilasters, interspersed with three single-paned dormers. When the original roof of the house was extended to encompass the new addition, the existing dormers were copied to maintain a smooth line. The west facing rear façade features a central, open loggia that is enclosed on three sides by the house, and on the roof are five pedimented dormers identical to the front.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The Myrtles has 22 rooms spread over two floors. The spacious entry hall runs the length of the house and features faux-bois, open pierced friezework molding, a French Baccarat crystal chandelier weighing more than 300 pounds and a cantilevered staircase. The flooring and most of the windows in the house are original. To the left of the hall is the music room that is adjacent to the only bedroom found on the first floor. The principal rooms of the house are found to the right of the hall. The walls of the original house were removed and repositioned to create four large rooms that were used as identical ladies and gentlemen&#39;s parlors, a formal dining room and a game room. The two parlors feature Carrara marble mantles in the Rococo Revival-style on the north and south walls, and are crowned with elaborate plaster cornices and ceiling medallions, made from a mixture of clay, Spanish moss and cattle hair, with no two being the same.</p><br>
<p>The second floor features five bedrooms with en-suite bathrooms. The largest bedroom, known as the Judge Clarke Woodruff Suite, is the only room that is accessed by the main staircase in the entry hall. The remaining four bedrooms, that are separated by a common sitting room, are accessed by a staircase that ascends from the rear loggia. The floor of these bedrooms were raised one foot when the house was renovated, as the addition had higher ceilings than the original house.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The current plantation landscape is centered on a large pond that features a small island centered with a gazebo accessed by a bridge. To the rear of the main house is the oldest structure on the grounds. Now known as the General&#39;s Store, this was where General Bradford lived while the main house was being built. Currently it is used as the gift shop, laundry facilities, plantation offices and guest breakfast spot. To the south is another structure that houses a restaurant. The two ancillary buildings are connected to the main house by a 5,000 ft&sup2; old brick courtyard. Scattered elsewhere on the grounds are modern wooden cottages available to guests.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The Myrtles Plantation was built in 1796 by General David Bradford on 600 acres in what was then part of Spanish West Florida and was named "Laurel Grove." Bradford lived there alone for several years, until President John Adams pardoned him for his role in the Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion in 1799. He then moved his wife Elizabeth and their five children to the plantation from Pennsylvania. Upon Bradfords death in 1808, his widow Elizabeth continued running the plantation until 1817, when she handed the management to Clarke Woodruff, one of Bradfords former law students, who had married her daughter, Sara Mathilda. The Woodruffs had three children: Cornelia Gale, James, and Mary Octavia, before Sara Mathilda and two of her three children died in 1823 and 1824 of yellow fever.</p><br>
<p>When Elizabeth Bradford died in 1831, Clarke Woodruff and his surviving daughter Mary Octavia moved to Covington, Louisiana, and left a caretaker to manage the plantation. In 1834, Woodruff sold the plantation, the land, and its slaves to Ruffin Gray Stirling. Stirling and his wife, Mary Catherine Cobb, undertook an extensive remodeling of the house, nearly doubling the size of the former building, and filling the house with imported furniture from Europe. It was during this time that the name was changed to "The Myrtles" after the crape myrtles that grew in the vicinity. Stirling died in 1854 and left the plantation to his wife.</p><br>
<p>The Myrtles survived the American Civil War, though robbed of its fine furnishings and expensive accessories. In 1865, Mary Cobb Stirling hired William Drew Winter to help manage the plantation as her lawyer and agent. Winter was married to Stirling&#39;s daughter, Sarah, and they went on to have six children, one of whom (Kate Winter) died from typhoid at the age of three. The family fortune was lost in the aftermath of the war due to it being tied up in Confederate currency, and the Winters were forced to sell the plantation in 1868, but were able to buy it back two years later. In 1871, William Winter was killed on the porch of the house, possibly by a man named E.S. Webber. Sarah remained at the Myrtles with her mother and siblings until 1878, when she died. Mary Cobb Stirling died in 1880, and the plantation passed to her son Stephen. The plantation was heavily in debt, however, and Stephen sold it in 1886 to Oran D. Brooks, who in turn sold it in 1889. The plantation changed hands several times until 1891, when it was purchased by Harrison Milton Williams.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the early part of the 20th-century, the land surrounding the house was divided among the heirs of Harrison Milton Williams. In the 1950s, the house itself was sold to Marjorie Munsons. The plantation went through several more ownership changes in the 1970s before being bought by James and Frances Kermeen Myers who ran the plantation house as a bed and breakfast. The current owners, John and Teeta Moss, continue to open the house for tours and overnight guests.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In August 2014, a fire occurred in the historical General&#39;s Store, located just 10 feet from the main house, causing substantial damage. The most severe damage was in an extension of the building constructed in 2008 leaving most of the original structure intact and luckily not harming the house at all. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Myrtles Plantation continues to be a popular tourist attraction due to its association with paranormal activity, and has been featured in many books, magazines, newspapers and television shows.</p><br>
<h2>Legends and ghost stories</h2><br>
<p>The plantation house is rumored to be on top of an ancient Tunica Indian burial ground. It is currently a bed and breakfast, and offers historical and mystery tours. According to legend, after being shot William Winter staggered inside the house and died on the 17th step of the stairs.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Unsolved Mysteries filmed a segment about the alleged hauntings at the plantation. The Myrtles was also featured on a 2005 episode of Ghost Hunters. Other television shows which profiled the plantation include Ghost Adventures and Most Terrifying Places in America.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was featured on the second episode in the first season of the television series, Files of the Unexplained, airing in April 2024.</p><br>
<p>Saratoga Spa State Park is a 2,379 acre state park located in Saratoga County, New York in the United States. The park is in the City of Saratoga Springs, near US 9 and NY 50.</p><br>
<p>The grounds contain mineral springs, classical bath and spa houses, and the Saratoga Performing Arts Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area, part of which became the park, drew interest from Mohawk and Iroquois Native American tribes for its hunting and mineral springs. The Native American name for the area was Kayaderosseras. The first recorded use of the springs was by Sir William Johnson during the French and Indian War, who was brought to Saratoga to recover from wounds.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, the area became much visited for its purported medicinal effects. Entrepreneurs dug wells and bottled the mineral water for sale and gas companies sold the carbonation to soda fountains. In 1907, the stage was set to protect the springs in a lawsuit Frank Hathorn vs. Dr. Strongs Sanitarium, which showed that pumping on one well decreased the flow of water in wells across the city. The court certified the relationship between wells and when Dr. Strong stopped pumping, the flow of water in Mr. Hathorns well resumed its natural flow. In 1908, as the springs were being depleted, the New York Assembly passed an injunction against pumping water; however the injunction was ignored. In 1909, governor Charles Evans Hughes signed into law a bill that made the springs of Saratoga a state reservation.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Reconstruction Finance Corporation funds were used to develop bath houses, research facilities and a drink hall. The Saratoga Reservation was designed with graded walkways intended to help rehabilitate those with heart conditions. After World War II veterans were welcomed as part of their readjustment and Holocaust survivors began using the baths as part of their healing process.</p><br>
<p>The spa was named a state park in 1962. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987, for its natural and architectural features, and for its role as the subject of early conservation measures.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, it was confirmed by state officials that the reportedly "pure" mineral water used in the public baths at the state park was actually mixed with tap water from a nearby source.</p><br>
<h2>Park features</h2><br>
<h3>Springs</h3><br>
<p>Though the creek in the park is called Geyser Creek, Saratoga Springs area does not feature actual geysers. In Geysers, water is forced from underground by heat related to seismic activity. Instead, Saratoga&#39;s "spouters" spring up due to the pressure of pockets of carbonic gas trapped beneath deep layers of shale. The famous mineral springs arise from fissures in the Saratoga Fault, which runs 65 mi from Whitehall to Albany. The carbonated water that vents in springs and geysers is rich in minerals and salts.</p><br>
<p>Two of the most visited springs today are Geyser Island Spouter and Orenda Spring, along Geyser Creek. Geyser Island Spouter, which sends a narrow plume of water 10 to 15 ft into the air, first emerged in the early 1900s. Since that time, it has deposited minerals that grow a tufa deposit at the rate of 2 in per year. Orenda Spring has created a massive tufa dome, which continues to fossilize leaves and other debris as it grows.</p><br>
<h4>Springs in operation</h4><br>
<p>Hathorn</p><br>
<p>Orenda</p><br>
<p>Hayes</p><br>
<p>Charlie</p><br>
<p>Geyser Island</p><br>
<p>State Seal</p><br>
<p>Polaris</p><br>
<p>Lincoln (Baths)</p><br>
<p>Shonts</p><br>
<p>Tallulah</p><br>
<p>Karista</p><br>
<h3>Venues and museums</h3><br>
<p>The park hosts theater and other events. The Saratoga Performing Arts Center, located on the state park grounds, has been the summer home of the Philadelphia Orchestra and New York City Ballet since 1966. The SPAC Amphitheater is 110 ft high, sits in a natural, curved bowl bordered by large pine trees. The amphitheater has seating for 5,100 and the lawn can hold an additional 25,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The park contains the Spa Little Theater, which hosts plays throughout the year. The Spa Little Theater is located on the north side of the park office.</p><br>
<p>The park is also home to the National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame, the Saratoga Automobile Museum, the Lincoln Mineral Baths and Spa, and the Gideon Putnam Resort & Spa.</p><br>
<h3>Recreation</h3><br>
<p>Saratoga Spa State Park offers a variety of recreational opportunities, some of which require small admission fees.</p><br>
<p>Several pools are available at the park. The "Peerless Pool" is a complex of three pools, including a children&#39;s pool, water slides, and a zero depth entry Olympic-sized swimming pool. The "Victoria Pool" is a smaller pool located near the golf course and surrounded by covered arcades. It was built when the original park buildings were constructed. The bath house was on the north end and the golf house was on the south end. Today the former golf house has been converted to a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The park also has tennis courts, two golf courses, picnic areas, horseshoe pits, softball fields, and volleyball courts. Several picnic pavilions are equipped with electricity and all have nearby restrooms.</p><br>
<p>A stretch of Geyser Creek is located in the park and offers opportunities for fishing. Trails for hiking and snowshoeing are also found within the park. The park hosts ice skating in the winter and interpretive programs throughout the year. It also hosts the annual New York State Section 2 Cross Country Championships.</p><br>
<p>Caleb Smith State Park Preserve is a state park located in Suffolk County, New York in the United States. The park is near the north shore of Long Island in the town of Smithtown. Prior to its current name, the park was called Nissequogue River State Park, a name now used for park lands on the former Kings Park Psychiatric Center grounds. Previously, it was simply known as the Wyandanch Preserve.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally part of the estate of Caleb Smith (1724–1800), the great grandson of Richard "Bull" Smith, the house was built in 1753 with his father Daniel Smith II. Although it has undergone many renovations, much of the original house still stands within the present building. The house was moved in either 1955 or 1958 to a plot of land behind the Smithtown Main Public Library in the Village of the Branch, New York.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 19th century, the original house was expanded considerably. By 1888 it was bought by the Brooklyn Gun Club, and converted into a sportsman&#39;s hunting and fishing preserve. The property was named the "Wyandanch Club" in 1893. In 1963, it was acquired by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Wyandanch Club Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a national historic district in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Park description</h2><br>
<p>The 548 acre park is managed primarily as a nature preserve, and offers space for passive recreation such as hiking, fishing, and cross-country skiing. The park also offers recreation programs, a nature museum with wildlife displays, and a nature trail.</p><br>
<p>Two branches of the Nissequogue River pass through the park, which also includes the Wyandanch Club Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Panorama</h2><br>
<p>Ganondagan State Historic Site,  also known as Boughton Hill, is a Native American historic site in Ontario County, New York in the United States. Location of the largest Seneca village of the 17th century, the site is in the present-day Town of Victor, southwest of the Village of Victor. The village was also referred to in various spellings as Gannagaro, Canagora, Gandagora, Gandagaro and Gannontaa.</p><br>
<p>It consists of two areas: the 245 acre Boughton Hill portion, the area of longhouses and burials, has been designated as a National Historic Landmark. It has been identified as the location of the Jesuit Mission of St. Jacques (or St. James), which was mentioned in the Jesuit Relations. The Fort Hill portion was the location of a fortified granary and consists of 33 acres; it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The complex is operated by the state of New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Seneca traditions</h3><br>
<p>Like many indigenous peoples, the Seneca cultivated the Three Sisters: staple crops of corn, beans, and squash. Women bred and cultivated different varieties of each staple, experimenting with a range of seeds. These crops were typically grown near each other, so that beans could climb the cornstalks, and the typically large leaves of squashes would prevent weeds from growing.</p><br>
<p>Ganondagan was once the largest Seneca town; the Seneca nation was considered to occupy the western gateway of Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) territory. This site is at the center of the story of the Peacemaker, who unified the five major peoples and created the Haudenosaunee confederacy. It survives to this day.</p><br>
<p>Seneca oral tradition tells of a Huron man who arrived among the Mohawk speaking of the Gayanesshagowa (aka The Great Law of Peace). This prophet is known today as The Great Peacemaker. The Mohawk, Oneida, and Cayuga pledged to join his proposed confederation and, following a dramatic interlude, the Seneca agreed also.</p><br>
<p>The discussion about how to bring in the Onondaga took place in the Ganondagan house of Jikonsase (or Jikonhsaseh), a Seneca woman elder now known as the "Mother of Nations." She proposed a solution which eventually brought the Onondaga into the fold, for it gave them a prominent place in the confederacy. She lived in the vicinity of Ganondagan, and is buried nearby.</p><br>
<p>Because of this tradition, the Seneca refer to Ganondagan as the "Town of Peace". They revere and protect the burial site of Jikonsase. The relation to their Great Law of Peace is more important than the attack that destroyed the village, for the people have carried forward their means of negotiating for solutions. The United States Senate acknowledged the contribution of the Iroquois Confederacy of Nations to the development of the United States Constitution in H.CON. RES 331 on October 5, 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Contact with Europeans</h3><br>
<p>In 1656, Jesuit Father Pierre-Joseph-Marie Chaumonot traveled from the Cayuga nation to the Seneca nation. Then, "Having assembled all the Elders of Gandagan, the principal village of Sonnontouan, and having bestowed the presents that are usually given as tokens of alliance, he commenced in a fervent and loud tone to explain the principal truths of the Gospel, which he sealed with the three finest presents of all, which he had reserved for this purpose."</p><br>
<p>By the close of 1668, the Jesuits had established a mission in each of the five Iroquois nations; the Seneca, and the Mission of St. Jacques, had been assigned to Father James Fremin. The Seneca finally forced the missionaries to leave in 1684, after rising tension with the French.</p><br>
<p>In August 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Father René de Bréhant de Galinée, traveled to Ganondagan via Irondequoit. Galinée wrote:</p><br>
<p>In 1677, Wentworth Greenhalgh, an English colonial government official, traveled to the Iroquois nations and secured them as allies for the British. One of his stops was at Ganondagan, which he referred to as Canagora and as Canagorah:</p><br>
<p>Greenhalgh wrote that none of the Seneca towns were "stockadoed" (stockaded), and related the following incident:</p><br>
<p>In 1678, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Father Louis Hennepin traveled to Ganondagan, which Hennepin called Tagorondies. Hennepin remarked on the presence of Jesuits Julien Garnier and Pierre Raffeix, and a "little Chapel made of Barks of Trees". About the inhabitants, he wrote:</p><br>
<h3>Destruction of Ganondagan</h3><br>
<p>On June 13, 1687, Marquis de Denonville led an army from Canada, which consisted of 832 colonial regulars, more than 900 Canadian militia, and some 400 Indian allies, to eliminate the Seneca as competitors in the international fur trade. Native American tribes fought each other, too, in trying to gain power in the fur trade.</p><br>
<p>Denonville writes that on July 13, the French force, closing in on Ganondagan, were attacked by a Seneca force of 800, but after a short engagement "they soon resolved to fly." Denonville described the French casualties as 5 or 6 killed and 20 wounded, while the Seneca casualties were 45 killed and 60 wounded. However, a British report, based on interviews of Seneca warriors, states that the Seneca force consisted of 450 people, including 350 boys, 100 men, and 5 women "who engaged as well as the men".</p><br>
<p>The British report states that most of the villagers had been moved that day to Cajouge (Cayuga) and some to a lake to the south. "As soon as the women and children were fled, their fired their own Castles." L&#39;Abbe de Belmont wrote that the Seneca "came to reconnoiter us and then went to burn their village and take to flight."</p><br>
<p>Upon the French arrival at the village on the 14th, Denonville reports, "we found it burned" and a nearby fort abandoned. The French killed "a vast quantity of hogs", and, from the four Seneca villages they visited, destroyed 1.2 million bushels of stored and standing corn. The force turned west and destroyed the village of Totiakton (aka Tiotohatton or La Conception) before returning to their boats at Irondequoit.</p><br>
<p>After the battle, the community movement was checked by the disaster of the French invasion and turned eastward. The two villages of Gandagora and Gandougarae seem to have joined in this eastward movement and to have settled first at Canandaigua and later in the region east of Canandaigua Lake.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 attacked the Seneca in scattered towns at Geneva, Canandaigua and along Seneca Lake (New York) (see Kanadaseaga).</p><br>
<h3>Later use</h3><br>
<p>For more than a hundred years after the American Revolutionary War, the Seneca used this area for agriculture. In the 1930s, their chief Freeman Johnson began to work to preserve the property, as looters were stealing artifacts. In 1964 Boughton Hill was designated as a National Historic Landmark, and in 1987 the state historic park was established.</p><br>
<p>The Seneca have made many contributions to the United States throughout its history. The political ideals which the Seneca had were contributed to the USA Constitution. The Senecas matrilineal kinship system gave considerable power to women, as inheritance and property were passed through the maternal line. Children were considered born into their mothers family and clan, which determined their social status. In 1848 at Seneca Falls, New York, American women created a proclamation of rights to achieve similar power. They did not receive the vote until 1920.</p><br>
<h3>Today</h3><br>
<p>Ganondagan, site of a major 17th-century Seneca village, has a reconstructed Seneca longhouse and a small visitors center. The original town site covered nine acres, with dwellings and stores, fields, and areas for livestock. This area was the location of nearly 150 longhouses, as well as the burial grounds of the people. The village was surrounded by extensive corn fields and a large, fortified granary was at the Fort Hill site. It was considered the "breadbasket" for the Haudenosaunee. The Seneca supplied many of the Iroquois with corn.</p><br>
<p>The site includes miles of trails over more than 560 acres of property in the park. The Friends of Ganondagan have worked to preserve the Ganondagan land and Seneca cultural traditions.</p><br>
<p>The Circus World Museum is a museum complex in Baraboo, Wisconsin, devoted to circus-related history. The museum features circus artifacts and exhibits and hosts daily live circus performances throughout the summer. It is owned by the Wisconsin Historical Society and operated by the non-profit Circus World Museum Foundation. The museum was the major participant in the Great Circus Parade held from 1963 to 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Circus World Museum is located in Baraboo, Wisconsin, because Baraboo was home to the Ringling Brothers. It was from Baraboo in 1884 that the Ringling Brothers Circus began their first tour as a circus. Over six seasons, the circus expanded from a wagon show to a railroad show with 225 employees, touring cities across the United States each summer. Baraboo remained the circus&#39;s headquarters and wintering grounds until 1918, when the Ringling Brothers Circus combined with the Barnum and Bailey Circus, which the Ringling Brothers had bought out in 1908. The combined entity, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, was successful until 2017 when it took its final bow on Sunday, May 21, 2017, in Uniondale, New York.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, John M. Kelley, a former attorney for the Ringling Brothers, incorporated the Circus World Museum with the intent of forming a museum of the Ringling Brothers Circus and circus history in general. By this time the popularity of circuses and other live shows was declining in favor of new media, such as television. After an initial period of organization and fundraising, the museum acquired a large site in Baraboo that included the former wintering grounds of the Ringling Brothers Circus. This site was deeded to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (now called the Wisconsin Historical Society) to be used as the museum&#39;s location, and the Circus World Museum opened to the public on July 1, 1959.</p><br>
<p>Owned by the Wisconsin Historical Society, the museum sits on some of the land owned by the Ringlings, and includes eight of the ten remaining Ringling buildings on the grounds. Circus World Museum holds one of the largest collections of circus materials in the world, including circus wagons, posters, photography, and artifacts used by shows from all over the United States. The museum also has smaller collections of Wild West shows and carnival materials.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>Circus World Museum encompasses several buildings holding numerous exhibits on circus history.</p><br>
<p>Ringlingville consists of the remaining buildings of the original wintering grounds of the Ringling Brothers Circus, a National Historic Landmark. Buildings in Ringlingville include the Ring Barn, Elephant House, Animal House, Baggage Horse Barn, Winter Quarters Office, and Wardrobe Department. Tours of Ringlingville present information on the history of the Ringling Brothers Circus, as well as offering behind-the-scenes glimpses into the efforts taken by the circus while preparing for shows.</p><br>
<p>The Irvin Feld Exhibit Hall is the museum&#39;s largest building, and houses exhibits on the history of the Ringling Brothers Circus, as well as other exhibits relating to general aspects of circuses and circus history.</p><br>
<p>The Hippodrome is a permanent big-top that houses the museum&#39;s daily circus and magic show performances.</p><br>
<p>The W.W. Deppe Wagon Pavilion houses a collection of fifty restored antique circus wagons.</p><br>
<p>The C.P. Fox Wagon Restoration Center is used by the museum to refurbish Circus Wagons, and visitors to the building can view wagon restorations that are in progress.</p><br>
<p>The Robert L. Parkinson Library and Research Center is a research facility holding collections of circus-related books, photographs, archives, and periodicals. The library is open to the public at no charge while staff are present.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Due to the long distance between Baraboo and Milwaukee, the Circus World Museums parade was annually hauled by rail over Chicago and Northwestern (C&NW), Milwaukee Road (MR), Wisconsin and Southern (WSOR), Wisconsin Central (WC), and Soo Line (SOO) trackage, and this lasted until 2000. When traveling by rail, the museums Circus train would normally be pulled by diesel locomotives, but on some occasions, it would be pulled by a steam locomotive.</p><br>
<h2>Great Circus Parade</h2><br>
<p>The Great Circus Parade, which featured historic circus wagons from the Circus World Museum, was held in Milwaukee in 1963, and in various cities between 1985 and 2005, primarily Milwaukee (1985–2003) and Baraboo, Wisconsin (2004–2005), and Chicago, Illinois. When held in Milwaukee, the parade entailed a two-day journey by train across Wisconsin, from Baraboo to Milwaukee, making brief stops at cities along the way. An encampment on Milwaukee&#39;s lakefront allowed visitors to view the circus wagons up close, take elephant, camel, and zebra rides, and view historical circus artifacts. The parade itself took a three-mile route through downtown Milwaukee. It was on hiatus during the mid-2000s, but it returned to Milwaukee in 2009. The parade is expected to run every few years in the future.</p><br>
<p>Gore Place is a historic country house, now a museum, located at 52 Gore Street, Waltham, Massachusetts. It is owned and operated by the nonprofit Gore Place Society. The 45 acre estate is open to the public daily without charge; an admission fee is charged for house tours. A number of special events are held throughout the year including an annual sheepshearing festival and a summer concert series.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was built in 1806 as a summer home for Massachusetts lawyer and politician Christopher Gore. In this house the Gores entertained various notables including the Marquis de Lafayette, Daniel Webster, and James Monroe. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 in recognition of its architectural significance as a large-scale Federal style country house, and for its well-preserved domestic staff quarters, which illustrate the changing role of domestic labor over time.</p><br>
<h2>Christopher Gore</h2><br>
<p>Christopher Gore (1758–1827) was a Massachusetts lawyer, banker, statesman, and Federalist politician. Educated at Harvard, Gore made a fortune speculating in American Revolutionary War debt in the 1780s, becoming, according to John Quincy Adams, the wealthiest lawyer in the country. In the 1790s he embarked on a career in politics and diplomacy, winning one term as Governor of Massachusetts in 1809. He was appointed to the United States Senate in 1813 and was elected to that body in 1814, serving until ill health prompted his resignation in 1816.</p><br>
<h2>Beginning of the Waltham estate</h2><br>
<p>In 1785 Gore married Rebecca Amory Payne. She was the daughter of Edward Payne, a wealthy Boston merchant and banker. In 1786 they used the funds from her dowry to purchase a tract of roughly 50 acre in Waltham, Massachusetts, for use as a country estate. The estate was expanded by further purchase until it was 400 acre in size. In 1789 the Gores realized a windfall from his financial speculations and acquired the trappings of high society in Massachusetts. In 1789 they purchased a mansion on fashionable Bowdoin Square in Boston, and in 1793 they had the house on the Waltham property torn down and had it replaced with buildings suitable for a summers estate: a wood-frame mansion, said to be in the style of noted Federal style architect Samuel McIntire, and carriage house.</p><br>
<h2>Fire and new construction</h2><br>
<p>In 1796 Gore was appointed by President George Washington to be a commissioner in London dealing with maritime issues pursuant to the Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain. The Gores spent the years from 1796 to 1804 in Europe. In 1799 they were informed that the Waltham house had been destroyed by fire and began planning a replacement. The carriage house was not affected and still stands on the property.</p><br>
<p>Rebecca Gore was particularly interested in architecture, and six months after their return to London had sketched out plans for a new building. In October 1802 Gore sent some of her sketches to his friend Rufus King, who was vacationing in Paris, requesting that Legrand draft plans from them. Although there is no definitive evidence that Legrand drafted the plans used in construction, the house as built has details that are part of his architectural vocabulary. It also betrays the influence of English architect Sir John Soane, some of whose designs the Gores may have seen on tours of England. They may also have seen his Sketches in Architecture, published in 1793.</p><br>
<p>The Gores returned to Massachusetts in 1804 and construction on the house began in March 1805; it was completed in 1806 at a cost of $23,000. Many of the mansion&#39;s construction materials, including the bricks, were shipped from England and rafted up the Charles River to the Waltham site. During the construction the Gores lived in a wing of the old house that had survived the fire; this remnant was then moved to the center of Waltham.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Mansion</h3><br>
<p>The mansion consists of a central block with symmetrical wings on either side. Each wing consists of a narrow section, or hyphen, with a slightly wider pod at its end. The total length is about 190 ft; the main block, which includes oval protrusions, measures 68 by 40 feet, the hyphens are 40 by 21 feet, and the pods at the ends of the wings are 20 by 32 feet. The main block is stories high, while the wings are stories. The building is faced in brick made in Charlestown, Massachusetts. Although it was originally shingled in wood, the roof is now made of slate.</p><br>
<p>The main block and east wing are devoted to public and family space, while the west wing is entirely devoted to servant quarters and facilities.</p><br>
<h3>Carriage house</h3><br>
<p>The 1790s carriage house is a 70 by 40 foot rectangular two story building with a hip roof. It is divided into three sections: the western end was used to store carriages, the eastern to stable horses, and the center, with high doors to facilitate the entry and exit of tall carriages was used for harnessing the carriages. The stable area had seven stalls, and includes distinctive features to facilitate the removal of waste and the supply of food to the animals. The tack room separated the stalls from the central area, also serving to isolate the smell of the stables from the rest of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally located near the entrance to the property, but was relocated in 1968 to facilitate the widening of Gore Street. It has been adapted by the Gore Place Society for use as a function space.</p><br>
<h3>Landscaping</h3><br>
<p>The gardens, according to Charles W. Eliot (father of noted American landscape designer Charles Eliot), show the influence of English landscape architect Humphry Repton, whose Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening just predates the Gores presence in England. In keeping with Reptons philosophy, the estate did not have many formal garden areas, and was instead laid out with broad lawns, discreet smaller gardens, and shaded paths that skirted the edges of the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The propertys recorded history of ownership dates to early colonial times, when Waltham was part of Watertown. When Watertown was laid out in 1630, its first minister, George Phillips, was granted a 40 acre lot which would become the core of the Gore estate. The estate passed through a variety of hands (including members of the Garfield family who were ancestors of United States President James Garfield, and Revolutionary War soldier Jonathan Brewer) before the Gores purchased it in 1786. From 1744 the property included a tavern, and the area was known as Davenports Corner, after Jonathan Davenport, the first proprietor.</p><br>
<p>The Gores occupied the property until 1834, when Rebecca Gore died (Christopher Gore having died in 1827). They entertained numerous high-profile guests, including President James Monroe, Daniel Webster, and the Marquis de Lafayette.</p><br>
<p>The couple had no children, and according to their wills the contents of the property were auctioned off. The estate was purchased by Theodore Lyman, who built a farmhouse on the farmlands between the mansion and the Charles River. This structure was occupied by the head farmer of the estate, and was moved to its present location in the 20th century after the city took part of the estate by eminent domain for another road project. Lyman made a number of changes to the landscaping of the estate, including the construction of a formal garden area to the north of the main house.</p><br>
<p>The estate next passed through a succession of private hands, until it was acquired in 1921 by the Waltham Country Club. It established a golf course and tennis courts on the estate, but these initiatives failed during the Great Depression and the estate fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In 1935 the bank that took the property planned to sell off the estate for housing, but preservationists from the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England), the Trustees of Reservations, and the organized a drive to preserve the property. After a fundraising campaign the property was purchased by the Gore Place Society. The Society acquired 75 acre of the original estate, and has rehabilitated its structures. About 30 acre of the estate were leased to Raytheon, and are not open to the public. The rest of the estate is open to the public; house tours are offered for a fee.</p><br>
<p>The Lyman Estate, also known as The Vale, is a historic country house located in Waltham, Massachusetts, United States. It is now owned by the nonprofit Historic New England organization. The grounds are open to the public daily for free; an admission fee is required for the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The estate was established in 1793 by Boston merchant Theodore Lyman on 400 acre of grounds, and was the Lyman family&#39;s summer residence for over 150 years. It consisted originally of the mansion and its lawns, gardens, greenhouses, woodlands, a deer park, and a working farm. Today the grounds contain a number of specimen trees, a 600-foot (180 m) and late 19th century rhododendrons and azaleas introduced by the Lyman family.</p><br>
<p>The fine Federal style mansion, with 24 rooms, was designed by Salem architect Samuel McIntire and completed in 1798. Its grand ballroom, with high ceiling, decorative frieze, large windows, and marble fireplace, was used for formal parties. A smaller oval room was used for family gatherings. McIntire&#39;s design was substantially altered during an expansion of the building in 1882 to designs by Richardson, Hartwell and Driver.</p><br>
<p>The estate&#39;s first greenhouse was constructed before 1800 and is thought to be the oldest in the United States. The Grape House, built in 1804 to raise exotic fruits such as oranges, pineapples, and bananas, today houses extensive grape vines, grown from cuttings taken in 1870 from Hampton Court in England. The Camellia House was built around 1820 for cultivation of camellias, introduced to America via Europe in 1797 from coastal China, Japan, and Korea. Many of the Lyman camellias are more than 100 years old. The greenhouses are open to the public.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the Lyman family, after losing money to a declining textile industry, chose to sell portions of the estate. On October 4, 1962, the property was going to be sold to housing developers, but was instead sold to Bentley University for $365,000. It makes up most of the land that Bentley sits upon.</p><br>
<p>The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 for its architecture and for its landscape design, which is remarkably rare for having retained much of its original 18th-century character.</p><br>
<p>The estate was one of the filming locations for the 2019 Greta Gerwig film adaptation of Louisa May Alcotts Little Women and the 1979 film adaptation of Henry Jamess novel The Europeans by Merchant Ivory Productions.</p><br>
<p>The John Muir National Historic Site is located in the San Francisco Bay Area, in Martinez, Contra Costa County, California. It preserves the 14-room Italianate Victorian mansion where the naturalist and writer John Muir lived, as well as a nearby 325-acre  tract of native oak woodlands and grasslands historically owned by the Muir family. The main site is on the edge of town, in the shadow of State Route 4, also known as the "John Muir Parkway."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Mansion</h3><br>
<p>The mansion was built in 1883 by Dr. John Strentzel, Muir&#39;s father-in-law, with whom Muir went into partnership, managing his 2,600 acre fruit ranch. Muir and his wife, Louisa, moved into the house in 1890, and he lived there until his death in 1914.</p><br>
<h3>Alhambra Trestle</h3><br>
<p>In 1897, for the sum of $10, Muir and Louisa ceded a right of way to the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railroad. The document describes the land upon which the Alhambra Trestle is located. The railway was completed in 1900 and used by the Muirs to ship their fruit.</p><br>
<h3>Preservationist</h3><br>
<p>While living here, Muir realized many of his greatest accomplishments, co-founding and serving as the first president of the Sierra Club, in the wake of his battle to prevent Yosemite National Park&#39;s Hetch Hetchy Valley from being dammed, playing a prominent role in the creation of several national parks, writing hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles and several books expounding on the virtues of conservation and the natural world, and laying the foundations for the creation of the National Park Service in 1916.</p><br>
<p>The home contains Muir&#39;s "scribble den," as he called his study, and his original desk, where he wrote about many of the ideas that are the bedrock of the modern conservation movement.</p><br>
<h3>Archive and Landmark</h3><br>
<p>The Muir house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1960.</p><br>
<p>It became a National Historic Site in 1964, is California Historical Landmark #312 and a National Historic Landmark, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1988 nearby Mount Wanda Nature Preserve (named for one of John Muir&#39;s two daughters) was added to the Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The John Muir National Historic Site offers a biographical film, tours of the house and nature walks on Mount Wanda.</p><br>
<p>The site includes the Vicente Martínez Adobe.</p><br>
<p>Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site, at Moton Field in Tuskegee, Alabama, commemorates the contributions of African-American airmen in World War II. Moton Field was the site of primary flight training for the pioneering pilots known as the Tuskegee Airmen, and is now operated by the National Park Service to interpret their history and achievements. It was constructed in 1941 as a new training base. The field was named after former Tuskegee Institute principal Robert Russa Moton, who died the previous year.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Before 1940, African Americans were barred from flying for the USA military. Civil rights organizations and the black press exerted pressure that resulted in the formation of an all African-American pursuit squadron based in Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1941. They became known as the Tuskegee Airmen.</p><br>
<p>"Tuskegee Airmen" refers to all who were involved in the so-called "Tuskegee Experiment" (later called the "Tuskegee Experience"). This Army Air Corps and then Army Air Force program trained African-Americans to fly and maintain both training and combat aircraft. The Tuskegee Airmen included pilots, navigators, bombardiers, maintenance and support staff, instructors, and all the personnel who kept the planes in the air (approximately 16,000)</p><br>
<p>The military selected Tuskegee Institute to train pilots because of its commitment to aeronautical training. Tuskegee had the facilities, and engineering and technical instructors, as well as a climate for year-round flying. The first Civilian Pilot Training Program students completed their instruction in May 1940. The Tuskegee program was then expanded and became the center for African-American aviation during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Tuskegee Airmen overcame segregation and prejudice to become one of the most highly respected fighter groups of World War II. They proved conclusively that African Americans could fly and maintain sophisticated combat aircraft. The Tuskegee Airmen&#39;s achievements, together with the men and women who supported them, paved the way for full integration of the USA military.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Moton Field was the only primary flight facility for African-American pilot candidates in the USA Army Air Corps (Army Air Forces) during World War II. It was named for Robert Russa Moton, second president of Tuskegee Institute.</p><br>
<p>Moton Field was built between 1940 and 1942 with funding from the Julius Rosenwald Fund to provide primary flight training under a contract with the USA military. Staff from Maxwell Field, Montgomery, Alabama, provided assistance in selecting and mapping the site. Architect Edward C. Miller and engineer G. L. Washington designed many of the structures. Archie A. Alexander, an engineer and contractor, oversaw construction of the flight school facilities. Tuskegee Institute laborers and skilled workers helped finish the field so that flight training could start on time.</p><br>
<p>The Army Air Corps and later the Army Air Force assigned officers to oversee the training at Tuskegee Institute/Moton Field. They furnished cadets with textbooks, flying clothes, parachutes, and mechanic suits. Tuskegee Institute, the civilian contractor, provided facilities for the aircraft and personnel, including quarters and a mess for the cadets, hangars and maintenance shops, and offices for Army Air Corps/Army Air Force personnel, flight instructors, ground school instructors, and mechanics. Tuskegee Institute was one of the very few American institutions to own, develop, and control facilities for military flight instruction. In addition to the primary flight training at Moton Field, the following known sub-bases, auxiliaries, and an intermediate/advanced site were used:</p><br>
<p>Calabee Flight Strip 32&deg;21&prime;50&Prime;N latitude, 085&deg;45&prime;50&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Hardaway Auxiliary Field (location undetermined)</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Auxiliary Field (Tuskegee Institute Field #1) 32&deg;21&prime;05&Prime;N latitude, 085&deg;39&prime;23&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Tuskegee Army Air Field (U. S. Army Air Force)</p><br>
<p>In late March 1941 Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, visited Kennedy Field in the Tuskegee area and was taken up in an aircraft piloted by C. Alfred "Chief" Anderson, Tuskegee Institute&#39;s chief instructor pilot. As a result of the flight, stories appeared in newspapers across the nation. The positive stories helped Mrs. Roosevelt, a Rosenwald Fund trustee, in conjunction with Tuskegee Institute, secure financing for the final construction of Moton Field.</p><br>
<p>The first class (42-C), which included student officer Captain Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., began training on July 19, 1941. who served as Commandant of Cadets. Twelve cadets served with him under Captain Noel F. Parrish, a white officer, and 2nd Lieutenant Harold C. Magoon, another white officer, who served as the adjutant. The other cadets were John C. Anderson, Jr., Charles D. Brown, Theodore E. Brown, Marion A. Carter, Lemuel R. Custis, Charles H. DeBow, Jr., Frederick H. Moore, Ulysses S. Pannell, George S. Roberts, Mac Ross, William H. Slade, and Roderick C. Williams. Only five of these cadets completed the advanced flying training at Tuskegee Army Air Field (about five miles from Moton Field), in March</p><br>
<p>1942.</p><br>
<p>Rigorous training in subjects such as meteorology, navigation, and instruments was provided in ground school.</p><br>
<p>After pilot cadets passed primary flight training at Moton Field, they transferred to Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF) to complete their training with the Army Air Forces. TAAF was a full-scale military base (albeit segregated) built by the USA military. The facility at Moton Field included two aircraft hangars, a control tower, locker building, clubhouse, wooden offices and storage buildings, brick storage buildings, and a vehicle maintenance area.</p><br>
<p>Many cadets got their primary flight instruction at Moton Field. Support personnel were trained at Chanute Field in Illinois. Between 1941 and 1945, Tuskegee Institute trained over 1,000 black aviators for the war effort.</p><br>
<p>Moton Field was closed in 1946. In 1972, a large portion of the air field at Moton Field was deeded to the city of Tuskegee for use as a municipal airport which is still in use today.</p><br>
<h2>National Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>Established on November 6, 1998, the National Historic Site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places the same day. Hangar One has been restored and the grand opening of the site was October 10, 2008. The Hangar One Museum is open for tours Wednesday–Sunday. Tours are free of charge to the public.</p><br>
<p>An oral history project, consisting of interviews of hundreds of people involved in the Tuskegee Experience, was completed in 2005 and will eventually be available to the public.</p><br>
<p>In January 2021, the Tuskegee Airmen National Historical Site was depicted on the 56th and final quarter in the America the Beautiful Quarters series.</p><br>
<p>The Loretto Chapel is a former Roman Catholic church in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, that is now used as a museum and a wedding chapel.</p><br>
<p>It is known for its unusual helix-shaped spiral staircase (the "Miraculous Stair"). It has been the subject of legend, and the circumstances surrounding its construction and its builder were considered miraculous by the Sisters of Loretto, who credited St. Joseph with its construction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The chapel was commissioned by the Sisters of Loretto for their girls&#39; school, Loretto Academy, in 1873. Archbishop Jean-Baptiste Lamy had brought in two French architects, Antoine Mouly and his son Projectus, to work on the St. Francis Cathedral project, and suggested that the Sisters could make use of their services on the side to build a much-needed chapel for the academy. Projectus ended up being the main architect for the project, basing his Gothic Revival design—complete with spires, buttresses, and stained glass windows imported from France via the Santa Fe Trail—on the famous Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. The chapel was built from locally quarried sandstone and took five years to complete, being officially consecrated in 1878.</p><br>
<p>Loretto Chapel was used on a daily basis by the students and nuns of Loretto Academy until the school closed in 1968. Afterwards, it became a privately owned museum and wedding venue, while the rest of the Academy campus was demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Staircase</h2><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>Loretto Chapel is best known for its helix-shaped staircase (nicknamed "Miraculous Stair"), which rises 20 ft to the choir loft while making two full turns, all without the support of a newel or central pole. The staircase is built mostly out of wood and is held together by wooden pegs, with no glue, nails or other hardware used. The inner stringer consists of seven wooden segments joined together with pegs, while the longer outer stringer has nine segments. The exact wood used to build the staircase has been confirmed to be a type of spruce which is not native to New Mexico and scientifically not identified anywhere else in the world.</p><br>
<p>There are 33 stairs, which has been noted to be the age of Christ at the time of his death.</p><br>
<p>The handrails were added later, in 1887, and an iron bracket was later attached to a column to add additional support. The staircase is supported by an inner wood stringer.</p><br>
<p>Apart from any claims of its miraculous nature, the staircase has been described as a remarkable feat of woodworking. According to a Washington Post column by Tim Carter: Its a magnificent work of art that humbles me as a master carpenter. To create a staircase like this using modern tools would be a feat. Its mind-boggling to think about constructing such a marvel with crude hand tools, no electricity and minimal resources.</p><br>
<p>According to another professional carpenter, who was interviewed by Ben Radford for his book Mysterious New Mexico: The execution is just incredible. The theory of how to do it, to bend it around in a two-turn spiral, that&#39;s some difficult arithmetic there.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The staircase was built sometime between 1877 and 1881. By this point, the chapel was substantially complete but still lacking access to the choir loft, possibly due to the unexpected death of the architect, Projectus Mouly, in 1879.</p><br>
<p>According to the version of events passed down by the Sisters of Loretto, multiple builders were consulted but were not able to find a workable solution due to the confined quarters. In response, the nuns prayed for nine straight days to St. Joseph, the patron saint of carpenters. On the last day of the novena, a mysterious stranger appeared and offered to build the staircase. He worked alone using only a few simple hand tools and disappeared afterwards without collecting his pay or the Sisters learning his identity. More fantastical versions of the story have the work taking place overnight, while according to others, it took six to eight months.</p><br>
<p>The finished staircase was an impressive work of carpentry, seeming to defy physics as it ascended 20 ft without any obvious means of support. The Sisters of Loretto viewed its construction as a miracle and believed that the mysterious builder must have been St. Joseph himself. As the story spread, the staircase became one of Santa Fe&#39;s most famous tourist attractions.</p><br>
<p>The staircase as originally built lacked handrails and was reportedly so frightening to descend that some of the nuns and students did so on their hands and knees. Eventually, railings were added in 1887 by another craftsman, Phillip August Hesch. The stairs have been mostly closed to the public since the chapel became a privately run museum in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h3>Physical aspects</h3><br>
<p>The staircase lacks the newel or central pole usually used to support and stabilize a spiral staircase, and therefore the means of supporting the weight is not obvious. However, the staircase is supported by its stringers just like a conventional (straight) staircase, although in this case each stringer is twisted into a helix. Observers have also noted that the inside stringer has such a tight radius that it is able to function similarly to a straight center support. According to an analysis by a professional carpenter in Mysterious New Mexico, the assembly of the stringers from overlapping segments joined by wood glue creates a laminate that is actually stronger than the wood alone. Additionally, the use of wooden pegs rather than nails prevents degradation of the joints due to compression set as the wood swells against the nails due to changes in humidity or temperature.</p><br>
<p>Although the staircase as built lacked any external bracing, an iron support bracket was added in 1887 at the same time as the railings. This may have been intended to limit the degree of vertical travel arising from the helical shape, which effectively makes the staircase behave as a giant coil spring and is part of the reason spiral staircases usually have a central support. Even after this modification, users of the staircase reported "a certain amount of springiness". Nevertheless, it was able to hold a significant amount of weight, as attested by a photo taken around 1959 of at least on the steps.</p><br>
<h3>Identity of the builder</h3><br>
<p>In the early 2000s, amateur historian Mary Jean Cook theorized the probable builder of the staircase as François-Jean "Frank" or "Frenchy" Rochas (1843–1894), a reclusive rancher and occasional carpenter who came to New Mexico from France around the 1870s. A key piece of evidence was a short article in the Santa Fe New Mexican in 1895 describing his death by murder, which noted: He was a Frenchman, and was favorably known in Santa Fe as an expert worker in wood. He build the handsome stair-case in the Loretto chapel and at St. Vincent sanitarium.</p><br>
<p>Cook also found an entry in the Sisters&#39; logbook stating that Rochas had been paid US$150 for "wood" in 1881, confirming that he had done some type of carpentry work for them. At the time of his death, Rochas reportedly owned an extensive set of carpentry tools including: five saws, a saw clamp and set, nine planes, nineteen moulding planes, two squares, five gauges, six chisels, two gouges, a draw knife, a brace, three augers, ten auger bits, a reamer, two clamps, and a pair of trammel points (for drawing large circles)</p><br>
<p>Others have disputed Cook&#39;s theory. Writer John Clark stated that the memo in the logbook read "Paid for wood — Mr. Rochas for N. School" and contends this refers to a nearby school the sisters hired him to build, and that the logbook makes no mention of a staircase.</p><br>
<h3>Similar stairs</h3><br>
<p>Although the design of the Loretto stairs is highly unusual, other spiral staircases without center supports are known to exist. One example can be found at the Old Washoe Club in Virginia City, Nevada, which also dates to the 1870s. This staircase was described by Ripley&#39;s Believe It or Not! as "the longest of its kind without a supporting pole", although it has fewer turns than the Loretto staircase.</p><br>
<p>Further afield, another staircase is in the Gdańsk Town Hall in Poland, which was reported to the New Mexican in 1944 by a government official named Bonnie Foster. The paper wrote: It is tall, spiral, and without steel nails, but the wood is different. It is in the town hall, of the 14th to the 16th century. How it was constructed, and whether there is a miracle story back of it, Mrs. Foster could not say. But she declared it is strikingly like St. Joseph&#39;s in design.</p><br>
<h2>Loretto Academy</h2><br>
<p>Loretto Academy was founded in 1853 and continued to operate until 1968. Afterward, the previously all-male St. Michaels High School turned co-ed in order to accommodate the Academys female students.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The story was the subject of the 1998 television film The Staircase, starring Barbara Hershey and William Petersen.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was the setting of records research in Dark Winds episode "Hooghandi"</p><br>
<p>The case was investigated and subsequently re-enacted in the Unsolved Mysteries episode "Miracle Staircase.”</p><br>
<p>Young-adult author Ann Rinaldi based her book The Staircase on the Loretto Chapel.</p><br>
<p>Television show The UnXplained Investigated the spiral staircase in episode "Mysterious Structures".</p><br>
<p>The chapel is figured prominently in Canadian author Michael OBriens novel Voyage to Alpha Centauri. In flashbacks, protagonist Dr. Neil de Hoyos recalls visiting the chapel and marveling at the staircase as a child in Santa Fe.</p><br>
<p>Oak Lawn or Oaklawn is a historical village in southwest Cranston, Rhode Island. Before being named "Oak Lawn" in 1872 the area was known as "Searle&#39;s Corner". The Edward Searle House, built in 1677, and one of the oldest standing structures in Rhode Island, is located in Oak Lawn. The village is known for its annual May Breakfast, a New England tradition that began in Oak Lawn in 1865 as a way for the members of the Oak Lawn Baptist Church to raise money for local American Civil War veterans. The 1855 Herman Melville novel "Israel Potter" is based on the life and adventures of an American Revolutionary soldier who was raised on a farm near present-day Oak Lawn. Oak Lawn is also the site of an important archeological excavation: in the 1950s archeologists discovered bowls and other Native American artifacts, carved from soapstone and dating back more than 10,000 years. In the pre-colonial era the area was populated with bands of the Narragansett Indians known as the "Meshanticut" and "Natick" Indians.</p><br>
<p>Much of the village was designated a historic district by the city of Cranston, and a section of the village, extending along Wilbur Avenue from Natick Road to Exchange Street, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 as the Oak Lawn Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Roycroft was a reformist community of craft workers and artists which formed part of the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States. Elbert Hubbard founded the community in 1895, in the village of East Aurora, New York, near Buffalo. Participants were known as Roycrofters. The work and philosophy of the group, often referred to as the Roycroft movement, had a strong influence on the development of American architecture and design in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name "Roycroft" was chosen after the printers, Samuel and Thomas Roycroft, who made books in London from about 1650–1690. The word roycroft had a special significance to Elbert Hubbard. Hubbard believed "roycroft" meant "kings craft" in French. In guilds of early modern Europe, kings craftsmen were guild members who had achieved a high degree of skill and therefore made things for the King. The Roycroft insignia was borrowed from the monk Cassiodorus, a 13th-century bookbinder and illuminator.</p><br>
<p>Elbert Hubbard had been influenced by the ideas of William Morris on a visit to England. He was unable to find a publisher for his book Little Journeys, so inspired by Morris&#39;s Kelmscott Press, decided to set up his own private press to print the book himself, founding Roycroft Press.</p><br>
<p>His championing of the Arts and Crafts approach attracted a number of visiting craftspeople to East Aurora, and they formed a community of printers, furniture makers, metalsmiths, leathersmiths, and bookbinders. A quotation from John Ruskin formed the Roycroft "creed":</p><br>
<p>A belief in working with the head, hand and heart and mixing enough play with the work so that every task is pleasurable and makes for health and happiness.</p><br>
<p>The inspirational leadership of Hubbard attracted a group of almost 500 people by 1910, and millions more knew of him through his essay A Message to Garcia.</p><br>
<p>The Roycroft Press is also credited for publishing partner publications, such as Carl Lothar Bredemeier&#39;s The Buffalo Magazine for Arts in 1920.</p><br>
<p>In 1915 Hubbard and his wife, noted suffragist Alice Moore Hubbard, died in the sinking of RMS Lusitania, and the Roycroft community went into a gradual decline. Following Elberts death, his son Bert took over the business. In attempts to keep his fathers business afloat, Bert proposed selling Roycroft&#39;s furniture through major retailers. Sears & Roebuck eventually agreed to carry the furniture, but this was only a short lived success.</p><br>
<p>Fourteen original Roycroft buildings are located in the area of South Grove and Main Street in East Aurora. Known as the "Roycroft Campus", this rare survival of an art colony was awarded National Historic Landmark status in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Elbert Hubbard Roycroft Museum, housed in the George and Gladys Scheidemantel House, in East Aurora is the main collection and research centre for the work of the Roycrofters.</p><br>
<h3>Roycroft Inn</h3><br>
<p>Part of the Roycroft Campus, the Inn is a hotel with a restaurant and lobby bar across the street from the primary buildings. It first opened for visitors in 1905 and in 1986, as part of the Roycroft Campus, became a National Historic Landmark. A nine year restoration was completed in 1995, with funding from the Margaret L. Wendt Foundation; the total cost was $8 million. At that time, the facility re-opened. The Salon area contains restored murals by Roycroft artist Alexis Jean Fournier.</p><br>
<h2>Famous Roycrofters</h2><br>
<p>Arthur H. Cole (1899–?), coppersmith</p><br>
<p>Jerome Connor (1874–1943), sculptor of Elbert Hubbard statue, North Wind on the Roycroft Chapel, and others.</p><br>
<p>William Wallace Denslow (1856–1915), illustrator of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.</p><br>
<p>Alexis Jean Fournier (1865–1948), American painter, including 20 murals at the Roycroft Inn.</p><br>
<p>William Joseph "Dard" Hunter (1883–1966), American authority on making paper by hand, as well as printing using handmade type. He published a number of books on traditional, pre-industrial, techniques for making paper.</p><br>
<p>Walter Jennings, coppersmith and jeweler</p><br>
<p>Karl Kipp (1882–1954), worked in the bindery in 1908 and later established the Roycroft Copper Shop.</p><br>
<p>Fredrick Kranz, created find leather goods.</p><br>
<p>Victor Toothaker (1882–1932), coppersmith</p><br>
<p>Samuel Warner (1871–1947), book designer, artist and illustrator for many Roycroft books.</p><br>
<p>The Eugene ONeill National Historic Site, located in Danville, California, preserves Tao House, the Monterey Colonial hillside home of Americas only Nobel Prize-winning playwright, Eugene O&#39;Neill.</p><br>
<h2>History of Tao House</h2><br>
<p>Eugene ONeill had won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936, and used the prize money to build what he named Tao House above Danville. ONeill and his wife lived in the home from 1937 to 1944. By the time he moved here, ONeill had already lived in over 35 places, but he called this secluded house his "final home and harbor". At this home, ONeill wrote his final plays: The Iceman Cometh, Long Day&#39;s Journey Into Night, Hughie, and A Moon for the Misbegotten. Due to a degenerative condition in his hand, he was unable to complete another play after 1943.</p><br>
<p>ONeill and his wife, actress Carlotta Monterey, showed their interest in Asian art, decor, and thought in preparing the home. Outside, Carlotta installed a garden in a zigzag pattern which Chinese tradition indicated would keep away evil spirits. They also planted several trees, including pine, almond, and redwood. The ONeills moved to Boston after World War II.</p><br>
<p>The house was saved from demolition in the early 1970s. Several women formed the Eugene O’Neill Foundation, including president Darlene Blair and executive vice president Lois Sizoo, in order to raise money to buy Tao House, which had been named a National Landmark in 1971. They did so through several fundraising projects, including benefit performances of Eugene O’Neills play Hughie featuring Jason Robards. Through their efforts, Tao House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971, a National Historic Site in 1976, and passed into the management of the National Park Service in 1980. The Foundation has produced an annual festival of ONeill&#39;s works since 1999, including performances on site.</p><br>
<h2>Legislative history</h2><br>
<p>Congressman George Miller and Senator Alan Cranston introduced companion bills to have Tao House recognized as a National Historic Site in 1975. AB 4539 was signed into law in Sacramento in September 1976, making the site California State property. George Millers HR 9126 passed in Congress and, on October 19, 1976, President Gerald Ford signed SB 2398 into law. Tao House and the property were designated a National Historic Site. Finally, on June 12 of 1980, ownership of Eugene ONeill NHS officially transferred to the federal government, making it exactly under the NPS.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of Eugene O’Neill National Historic Site is justified by two reasons. First, the site is needed to commemorate Eugene O’Neill, one of the greatest writers in American literature. Eugene O’Neill lived in Tao House from 1937 to 1944, and wrote his most brilliant playwrights. Preserving Tao House will provide public memorial of the works of Eugene O’Neill and his life. Second, the site will serve education and opportunity of performing arts to public. Providing proper cultural sources to society is one of the important missions of National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative history</h2><br>
<h3>Past superintendents</h3><br>
<h2>Current situation</h2><br>
<p>Eugene O&#39;Neill Foundation is looking for.</p><br>
<h2>Archive</h2><br>
<p>The Foundation maintains an archive of Eugene ONeill-related material at Tao House (including photographs, playbills, manuscripts, posters, and ONeills original phonograph record collection) and sponsors events such as productions of ONeill plays, staged in the adjacent barn.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the house</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service does not publish the address of the property, but it is widely known that it is located near Kuss Road in Danville. A locked gate prevents unauthorized vehicles from reaching the site. The Site occupies 13 acre accessible via car only by private road, so advance reservations are required to visit. Private vehicles are not allowed. Transportation to the site is provided by a twice-daily free shuttle from Danville at 10am and noon on Wednesdays to Sundays and also at 2pm on Saturdays. Reservations are required except on Saturdays when tours are self-guided.</p><br>
<p>Trails from Las Trampas Regional Wilderness also lead to the site. Reservations are also recommended for those arriving for a tour via horseback or on foot.</p><br>
<p>The Rancho San Andrés Castro Adobe is a historically and architecturally significant house located in the Pájaro Valley, California. The two-story Rancho San Andrés Castro Adobe is a historic rancho hacienda that was built between 1848 and 1849.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1848–1849 by Juan José Castro. His father Jose Joaquin Castro (1768–1838), came to California as a 6-year-old with his family from Sinaloa Mexico on the 1775–1776 Anza Expedition. Jose Joaquín Castro received this Mexican land grant Rancho San Andrés in the area of present-day Watsonville, California.</p><br>
<p>It had the first dance floor (fandango room) in Santa Cruz County, California, and one of the first indoor kitchens (cocina). It is the only two-story hacienda ever built in Santa Cruz County.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Cruz County, California on December 12, 1976.</p><br>
<p>It is California Historical Landmark number 998. The adobe was severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. One wall had completely collapsed, and the house needed seismic retrofitting before being safe for the public. Owner Edna Kimbro sold it to the state of California in 2002. Starting in August 2007, Friends of California State Parks volunteers and the California Conservation Corps began restoration by making 2,500 adobe bricks. Almost 100 members of the Castro family held a reunion at the site in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The is currently (2024) open to the public only by appointment, special event, or free scheduled open house tour. Tour registration is via the website.</p><br>
<p>The Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site is a preserved home once rented by American author Edgar Allan Poe, located at 532 N. 7th Street, in the Spring Garden neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Though Poe lived in many houses over several years in Philadelphia , it is the only one which still survives. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Poe&#39;s time in Philadelphia</h2><br>
<p>Poe lived in at least three different locations in Philadelphia, including homes on Arch Street, on 16th and Locust Streets, and on Coates Street near 25th Street.</p><br>
<p>While living in Philadelphia, Poe published some of his most well-known works, including "The Tell-Tale Heart," "The Murders in the Rue Morgue," and "The Gold-Bug". It has been called his most prolific period. Poe published 31 stories during his time in Philadelphia as well as several literary criticism pieces, including his February 1841 review of Charles Dickenss novel Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty.</p><br>
<p>In reviewing the novel, which inspired Poes 1845 poem "The Raven", he correctly predicted the novels resolution before its final serialized installment was published. Dickens is said to have remarked, "The man must be the devil". Poe&#39;s years in the city have been described as the happiest of his life.</p><br>
<h2>Home&#39;s history</h2><br>
<p>The Historic Site is the only one of Poe&#39;s Philadelphia homes still standing and is located in the historical Spring Garden district on the northern edge of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Poe rented the house early in 1843 and is believed to have lived there for about a year or less along with his wife Virginia and his aunt/mother-in-law Maria Clemm. It is uncertain when the family moved into the home, which was then at the corner of Seventh Street and Brandywine Alley In a letter to James Russell Lowell dated June 20, 1843, Poe invites Lowell to visit him: "My address is 234 North Seventh St., above Spring Garden, West Side." Speculation as to which stories and poems were written in this home are unprovable, but suggestions include "A Tale of the Ragged Mountains", "The Balloon-Hoax", and "Eulalie".</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was then predominantly made up of Quakers. The familys decision to move may have been prompted by Virginias health, as she was struggling with tuberculosis. Her mother, Maria Clemm, maintained the home for the small family. A neighbor later recalled: "Mrs. Clemm was always busy. I have seen her mornings clearing the front yard, washing the windows and the stoop, and even white-washing the palings. You would notice how clean and orderly everything looks." A visitor referred to the home as little more than a lean-to. Poe occasionally had difficulty paying rent, though the landlord, a plumber, was tolerant of this. The family moved out the first week in April 1844 and made their way to New York.</p><br>
<p>Several families lived in the home after Poe until it was purchased by Richard Gimbel, son of the founder of Gimbels department store, in 1933. A fan of Poe, he refurbished the home and opened it as a museum. In his will, he left the property to the city of Philadelphia. The National Park Service began overseeing the property in 1978, reopening the home in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Home today</h2><br>
<p>The site combines both Poes former residence and two adjoining houses which were not built until after Poe left Philadelphia. The rooms of the house are left in arrested decay and are not furnished to look like they did during Poes time. The neighboring residences include a welcome area, gift shop, a film screening room, and some minor exhibits.</p><br>
<p>The site includes a reading room decorated based on Poes theories in "The Philosophy of Furniture", which is the only room on the site furnished to look like it did in the 19th century. This was not part of Poes original home and is not meant to suggest Poe had a similarly decorated room. The room includes a complete collection of Poes works, including criticism, and audio interpretations of his work. A statue outside of the home depicts a large raven, representative of one of Poes most famous poems, "The Raven" (1845). The cellar in the house resembles one described in "The Black Cat" (1843), also written while Poe lived in Philadelphia. Though the house does not include any items originally owned by the Poe family, many items are collected nearby at the Free Library of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The site is affiliated with the Independence National Historical Park. The site is open Friday-Sunday, 9 AM to 5 PM (closed from Noon to 1 PM) with guided tours (call for information on times) or self-guided tours at any time. Admission is free. Paid membership in the Friends of Poe Society, which also sponsors events throughout the year, aids in the upkeep of the home.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Stonefield, located at 12195 County Road VV outside Cassville, Wisconsin, United States, was the 2,000 acre estate of Wisconsins first governor, Nelson Dewey. Much of the original estate has been separated into Nelson Dewey State Park and the Stonefield historic site, an expansive museum operated by the Wisconsin Historical Society. The historic site takes advantage of the large property by offering several different areas for visitors, including an early Wisconsin farmhouse, a re-created agricultural village built to resemble those common around 1900, and a reconstruction of Nelson Deweys home. Stonefield is also home to the Wisconsin State Agricultural Museum, which features a large collection of antique farm equipment.</p><br>
<p>On May 19, 1970, Stonefield, also known as the Nelson Dewey Plantation, was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Governor Dewey&#39;s estate</h2><br>
<p>Nelson Dewey first moved to Cassville from New York state in 1836. He quickly became involved in Wisconsin&#39;s territorial politics, and after Wisconsin became a state in 1848 he was elected as the first governor. He served for two terms, and afterwards he returned to Cassville. Hoping to spur development in the village, he invested in land and businesses in the area. He also went to work building an agricultural estate, which he called "Stonefield." As its centerpiece he constructed a three-story brick house in the Gothic revival style. The home was completed in 1868. Dewey was unable to enjoy the estate for long, for in 1873 a fire destroyed the house, and shortly afterward the Panic of 1873 caused Dewey to lose nearly all of his property. He was forced to leave the estate and return to the village of Cassville, where he lived in poverty until dying in 1889.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, General Walter Cass Newberry purchased a 40 acre plot of land on the former estate that included the site once occupied by Deweys home. Newberry farmed the land for several years, and in the 1890s he decided to rebuild the Dewey home as a summer residence. Although the rebuilt home followed the original floor plan used for Deweys house, the new version did not include many of the ornate details of the Gothic revival style. Newberry sold the home in 1896, and it underwent a succession of owners before it was purchased by the state of Wisconsin during the formation of Nelson Dewey State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Stonefield Historic Site</h2><br>
<h3>Stonefield Village</h3><br>
<h3>Wisconsin State Agricultural Museum</h3><br>
<p>In 1969, the State Agricultural Museum was added to the features at the Stonefield historic site. The museum was built to house the large collection of historic agricultural machinery acquired by the historical society while it was creating the Stonefield village and farmstead. Inside are exhibits detailing the history of Wisconsin agriculture from the time when it was practiced by Native Americans through the early 20th century. The museum also tells of Wisconsin&#39;s major agricultural equipment manufacturers, the Case Corporation and Allis-Chalmers, and features many rare and valuable pieces of antique farm equipment.</p><br>
<p>Germanna was a German settlement in the Colony of Virginia, settled in two waves, first in 1714 and then in 1717. Virginia Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood encouraged the immigration by advertising in Germany for miners to move to Virginia and establish a mining industry in the colony.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name "Germanna," selected by Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood, reflected both the German immigrants who sailed across the Atlantic to Virginia and the British Queen, Anne, who was in power at the time of the first settlement at Germanna. Though she died only months after the Germans arrived, her name continues to be a part of the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As part of a series of land grants awarded to settlers to create a buffer against the French, the Privy Council granted Spotswood 86,000 acre in the newly created Spotsylvania County in 1720, of which the Germanna tract was the first, while he was Lieutenant Governor and actual executive head of the Virginia government. He served in this capacity between 1710 and 1722 and, in 1716, he carried out his famous Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition and promoted many reforms and improvements.</p><br>
<p>Spotswood was replaced as the lieutenant governor by Hugh Drysdale some time in 1722. Historians suggest his removal may have been the result of years of disharmony between himself and the council, as well as when he accepted such a large amount of land, that he showed a disregard for the Crown policy which held that no single person or family could claim more than a thousand acres of Virginia land.</p><br>
<p>Spotswood established a colony of German immigrants on the Germanna tract in 1714, partly for frontier defense but mainly to operate his newly developed ironworks. Germanna was the seat of Spotsylvania County from 1720 to 1732. Spotswood erected a palatial home and, after the Germans moved away to Germantown, continued the ironworks with slave labor. In his later years he served as Deputy Postmaster General for the Colonies.</p><br>
<p>The Germanna Colonies consist primarily of the First Colony of forty-two persons from the Siegerland area in Germany brought to Virginia to work for Spotswood in 1714, and the Second Colony of twenty families from the Palatinate, Baden and Württemberg area of Germany brought in 1717, but also include other German families who joined the first two colonies at later dates. Although many Germanna families later migrated southward and westward from Piedmont Virginia, genealogical evidence shows that many of the families intermarried for generations, producing a rich genealogical heritage.</p><br>
<p>The site of the first settlement, Fort Germanna, is located in present-day Orange County along the banks of the Rapidan River, with subsequent settlements of Germans being established on sites in present-day Culpeper and Spotsylvania counties. Many Germanna families played roles in important events in early American history such as the American Revolution and migration west to Kentucky and beyond.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The site of Fort Germanna is mostly open fields with intervening thickets of second-growth timber. The Fort Germanna site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Traces of the terraces of Spotswood&#39;s mansion which came to be known as the "Enchanted Castle" are still discernible. The Germanna Foundation is conducting archaeological exploration of the Fort Germanna, Siegen Forest, and Salubria sites that it owns in Orange and Culpeper Counties.</p><br>
<p>The Germanna Foundation owns land on the original Germanna peninsula, on both sides of the Germanna Highway, State Route 3, near the site of the original Fort Germanna, once the westernmost outpost of colonial Virginia. The Germanna Foundation operates the Brawdus Martin Fort Germanna Visitor Center on the Siegen Forest side of the Germanna Highway, 15 mi east of Culpeper and 20 mi west of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Foundation also owns a nearby 18th century mansion, Salubria, once the home of Governor Spotswood&#39;s widow. In October 2000, Salubria was donated by the Grayson family to the Germanna Foundation for historic preservation. The Foundation maintains a research library, a memorial garden, and plans interpretive walking trails to various historic and archaeological sites. In addition, the Foundation publishes histories and genealogical books, a newsletter, offers educational programs at an Annual Historical Conference and Reunion and to the community, and offers group travel to Germany geared to the origin of the Germanna families.</p><br>
<h2>Timelines</h2><br>
<h3>First colony</h3><br>
<p>The first colony consisted of the family surnames: Albrecht, Brombach/Brumback, Fischbach/Fishback, Hager, Friesenhagen, Heide/Heite/Hitt, Heimbach, Hofmann, Holzklau/Holtzclaw, Huttmann, Kemper/Camper, Cuntze/Koontz, Merdten/Martin, Otterbach/Utterback, Reinschmidt, Richter/Rector, Spielmann, Weber/Weaver</p><br>
<p>1710 May 18 Incorporation of the George Ritter Company in London a joint stock company to be in business for 20 years. Partners include Christoph de Graffenreid and Franz Ludwig Michel. The Agent for the George Ritter Company is Johann Justus Albrecht, sent to the Siegerland to recruit miners in the Carolinas or Virginia.</p><br>
<p>1711 Aug 15 Johann Justus Albrecht signs a contract with the Ministers of Siegen</p><br>
<p>1711 Sep 5 Hermannus Otterbach requests permission to Immigrate</p><br>
<p>1712 May 12 Johann Justus Albrecht composes the Union Book for the George Ritter Company</p><br>
<p>1713 Jul 12 Pastor Knabenschuh goes to Oberfischbach to find that Pastor Haeger is gone and the Schoolteacher, Hans Jacob Holtzklau "is also willing to travel away."</p><br>
<p>1713 Jul 17:Jacob Holzklau request permission to immigrate. Hermann Otterbach requested permission to immigrate on 5 Sep 1711, first of the group to do so.</p><br>
<p>1713 Jul 31:Philip Fischbach/Hans Jacob Richter; Jost Cuntz request permission to immigrate.</p><br>
<p>Summer of 1713: the people arrived in London</p><br>
<p>January 1714: they left for Virginia on an unknown ship</p><br>
<p>Late March 1714: Spotswood first learns from Col. Nathaniel Blakiston, the agent for Virginia in London, that Germans are coming</p><br>
<p>April 1714: the Germans arrived in Virginia</p><br>
<p>1714: established first German Reformed church on the continent, which doubled as a defensive blockhouse</p><br>
<p>1716: they started mining operations at the silver mine --Need to prove this!</p><br>
<p>1718, early in the year: they were instructed to search for iron</p><br>
<p>1720 May 17: Johann Justus Albrecht file statement regarding "eleven Labouring men to work in Mines or Quarries at or near Germanna and we began to work March One Thousand Seven Hundred and 15/16 and so continued until Dec. One Thousand Seven Hundred & Eighteen."</p><br>
<p>By December 1718, Spotswood says he spent about 60 pounds on the endeavor so there was no iron furnace.</p><br>
<p>January 1719-20: Pastor Haeger and the members of the First Colony moved to Stafford County, Virginia which is present day Fauquier County, Virginia. The three naturalized members of the group, John Fishback, John Hoffman and Jacob Holtzclaw, secured 1805 acres for distribution to the group to be divided equally.</p><br>
<h3>Second colony</h3><br>
<p>1717: Eighty-odd Germans from Wuerttemberg, Baden, and the Palatinate agree with Capt. Tarbett in London to take them to Pennsylvania in the ship Scott.</p><br>
<p>1717/1718: Capt. Tarbett hijacks the Germans to Virginia where they become indentured servants of Lt. Gov. Spotswood</p><br>
<p>1719/1722: Some of the Germans who left in 1717 arrived in Virginia at a later time</p><br>
<p>1723/25: Spotswood sues many of the Germans</p><br>
<p>1725: Most of these Germans move to the Robinson River Valley (today in Madison County, Virginia)</p><br>
<p>1733: Johann Caspar Stoever becomes their (Lutheran) pastor</p><br>
<p>1740: The German Lutheran Church (Hebron Lutheran Church today) is built with funds raised in Germany</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>The Cooper–Frost–Austin House is a historic Colonial American house, built in 1681. It is located at 21 Linnaean Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is the oldest extant home in Cambridge and is owned and operated as a non-profit museum by Historic New England. The house is rarely open for public tours, but private tours can be arranged during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Samuel Cooper on land that his father, Deacon John Cooper, had owned since 1657, and was first documented in 1689 in The Register Book of the Lands and Houses in the "New Towne" (as Cambridge was then named). Its original structure was a single room and chimney bay in width, two and one half stories in height with an integral lean-to, containing a "low room," "little room," "kitchin," "Chamber," "kitchin Chamber," "Garret," and "Cellar," all of which still exist, as do the original chimney and a facade gable. The house was extended ca. 1720 by Cooper&#39;s son, and then again between 1807 and 1816 by Martha Frost Austin and Thomas Austin who added an enclosed porch and Federal style stairway and trim. The house was acquired by Historic New England in 1912.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory analyzed wooden beams from the original structure and ascertained that donor trees were felled at the following times: winter 1675–1676, winter 1680–1681, and spring 1681. The oldest timber may have been stockpiled before construction.</p><br>
<p>The Captain Lemuel Clap House  is a historic house located at 199 Boston Street, Dorchester, Massachusetts. It is now owned by the Dorchester Historical Society, which opens the house for tours two afternoons per month. It is one of two Clapp Houses owned by the society that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It appears that a house has occupied this site since about 1633, and possibly todays house was its enlargement. Although there is no solid evidence for this possibility, the Clapp family genealogy records that such a first house was built circa 1633 by Roger Clapp, one of Dorchesters original settlers in 1630, and then rebuilt and enlarged by his descendant Lemuel Clap in 1767. On the other hand, the Historical Society also has evidence that the earlier house was built by the Ward family at the beginning of the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>There seems little doubt, however, that todays house was substantially constructed by Lemuel Clap in 1767. The house was purchased by Historical Society in 1945, and moved several hundred yards from Willow Court to its current location in 1957. Its rooms currently contain items from the Societys historical collection.</p><br>
<p>The houses of the Dorchester Historical Society are open on the second Sunday of the month from 11 am to 4 pm.</p><br>
<p>The William Clapp House  is a historic house located at 195 Boston Street, Dorchester, Massachusetts. It is the headquarters of the Dorchester Historical Society and contains many items from the society&#39;s collections, including 19th century furnishings and local historical items. It is one of two Clapp Houses owned by the society that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1806 for the marriage of William Clapp (March 3, 1779 - February 29, 1860), son of Capt. Lemuel and Rebecca (Dexter) Clap who built the nearby Captain Lemuel Clap House. The younger Clapp followed his father&#39;s business with the largest tannery in Dorchester.</p><br>
<p>Later in life, Clapp devoted his time to his farm and the development of many varieties of pears. The most notable was Clapp&#39;s Favorite, developed in 1820 and marketed by 1860. It remains in wide commercial use today.</p><br>
<p>The Bradlee-McIntyre House is a Victorian Cottage Style house. It is now located in Longwood, Florida at 130 West Warren Avenue, after being moved there from Altamonte Springs. On March 28, 1991, the house was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Bradlee-McIntyre House was built circa 1885 for noted Boston architect Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee and family. It is the only surviving "cottage" in Orange and Seminole counties, a Queen Anne Style three-story, 13-room winter vacation house featuring an octagonal tower and "ginger-bread" trim typical of the flamboyant houses of the Victorian Period.</p><br>
<p>Currently the Bradlee-McIntyre House is open to the public for tours on scheduled days as posted at the house. Museum tours are offered the 2nd and 4th Wednesdays and Sundays from 1-4 pm.</p><br>
<p>Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site, located at 81 Carl Sandburg Lane near Hendersonville in the village of Flat Rock, North Carolina, preserves Connemara, the home of Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and writer Carl Sandburg. Though a Midwesterner, Sandburg and his family moved to this home in 1945 for the peace and solitude required for his writing and the more than 30 acre of pastureland required for his wife, Lilian, to raise her champion dairy goats. Sandburg spent the last twenty-two years of his life on this farm and published more than a third of his works while he resided here.</p><br>
<p>The 264-acre site includes the Sandburg residence, the goat farm, sheds, rolling pastures, mountainside woods, 5 miles (8 km) of hiking trails on moderate to steep terrain, two small lakes, several ponds, flower and vegetable gardens, and an apple orchard.</p><br>
<p>Visitors to the site can tour the Sandburg residence and visit the dairy barn housing Connemara Farms goat herd, representing the three breeds of goats Lilian Sandburg raised. From mid-June until mid-August, live performances of Sandburgs Rootabaga Stories and excerpts from the Broadway play, The World of Carl Sandburg, are presented at the park amphitheater.</p><br>
<h2>The Memminger years</h2><br>
<p>In the middle 1830s Christopher Memminger, of Charleston, South Carolina, took a tour of Flat Rock in an attempt to find a summer home. Unable to find a home he liked, he purchased land from Charles Baring, one of the more prominent landholders in the area. In 1838 he hired an architect to begin work on a large summer home in the Greek Revival style. The kitchen house and stable were actually completed first, in the summer of 1838. The house was not complete until 1839. A cook&#39;s house was added in 1841, a wagon shed in 1843, and an icehouse in 1845. An addition to the main house was constructed over the course of 1846–1849, and servant quarters were built in 1850.</p><br>
<p>Memminger called his summer home “Rock Hill,” possibly because the main house was constructed on the gradual slope of Big Glassy Mountain. In 1855, he had a stream in front of the house dammed up to create a small, artificial lake. The Memminger family spent most of their summers after 1839 at Rock Hill, not to be confused with Rock Hill, South Carolina. They lived there full-time from 1864 until the end of the Civil War. During the war, the house was fortified and used as a shelter for friends who needed protection from raids by Union soldiers and Confederate deserters turned bandits.</p><br>
<h2>The Gregg and Smyth years</h2><br>
<p>After Memminger&#39;s death, his son Edward sold Rock Hill to Colonel William Gregg, Jr., a Confederate veteran. During his ownership, he built new steps at the front of the house, since the originals had been removed during the war for defense. He also installed a bay window and fireplace mantles. The Greggs used Rock Hill as their summer home for about ten years before they sold it in 1900 to Captain Ellison Adger Smyth.</p><br>
<p>Smyth changed the name of the house from “Rock Hill” to “Connemara,” after his ancestral district in Ireland. The Smyths winterized the house and enclosed the porch to convert it to a dining room. They also painted the house green for a brief period and even installed an eight-hole golf course in the pastures. The captain and his family used Connemara as a summer home until 1925 when they decided to make it their permanent residence. Smyth died in 1942, and the house remained vacant until 1945.</p><br>
<h2>The Sandburg era</h2><br>
<p>Sandburg purchased Connemara on October 18, 1945, for $45,000. Mrs. Sandburg had been looking for a new farm in a warmer climate to raise her Chikaming dairy goats. When she showed Connemara to her husband, he reportedly said, “This is the place. We will look no further.” Upon buying the house, the Sandburgs immediately began remodeling. Contractors were hired to work on the heating, plumbing, electrical, the roof and the cement floor of the basement. The Sandburgs installed new chimneys and bathrooms, as well as dozens of bookshelves for his large library. They also repainted the house and installed a new indoor kitchen, having turned the original kitchen building into a three- car garage. The entire remodeling process lasted for some two and a half years. In addition, more than 42,000 lb of personal belongings, primarily Sandburg&#39;s library, were sent by train from their old house in Harbert, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The Sandburgs lived at Connemara from October 1945 to July 1969. Mr. and Mrs. Sandburg lived there along with their three daughters, Margaret, Janet, and Helga, as well as Helga&#39;s two children, John Carl and Karlen Paula. Sandburg published more than a third of his works while living at Connemara, and it was at this house he died of natural causes in 1967. After his death, his wife decided to sell Connemara to the USA government to preserve the house as a memorial to her husband. The Secretary of Interior and family friend Stewart Udall visited the house in October 1967, and Mrs. Sandburg signed a deed of gift in June of the following year. On October 18, 1968, President Johnson approved a congressional act making the home a historic site. The home officially opened to the public in 1974. The National Park Service restored the house and installed Plexiglas covers over the bookcases during the time between the purchase and its opening.</p><br>
<h2>The site today</h2><br>
<p>Today Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site attracts more than 85,000 visitors a year. The national park is open every day except Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year&#39;s Day.</p><br>
<p>The USA government has designated the goats a historic herd. About fifteen goats are kept on the farm at any given time. The interior of the home is arranged in a manner similar to how the Sandburgs maintained it during the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008, supported by North Carolina&#39;s congressional delegation, authorized the expansion of the site by 115 acre to protect the scenic view, create additional parking, and establish a visitor center.</p><br>
<p>The park features a writer-in-residence program started in 2010 with the support of the Friends of Carl Sandburg at Connemara. This program offers emerging writers an opportunity to live and work at the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site for three weeks during April.</p><br>
<p>The Jimmy Carter National Historical Park, located in Plains, Georgia, preserves sites associated with Jimmy Carter , 39th president of the United States. These include his residence, boyhood farm, school, and the town railroad depot, which served as his campaign headquarters during the 1976 election. The building which used to be Plains High School  serves as the park&#39;s museum and visitor center. As Carter lives in Plains, the area surrounding the residence, including the burial site of former First Lady Rosalynn Carter  is under the protection of the United States Secret Service and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Carters returned to Plains in 1981. The former President and First Lady pursued many of the goals of his administration through the Carter Center in Atlanta, which has programs to alleviate human suffering and to promote human rights and world peace. Carter taught Sunday school at Maranatha Baptist Church, which is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>It was established in 1987 by as Jimmy Carter National Historic Site and renamed as a national historical park in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor center and museum</h2><br>
<p>The former Plains High School, which both Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter attended, now serves as the parks visitor center and museum. It features a classroom, principals office, and auditorium which have been restored to look as they would have when Jimmy Carter attended. An exact replica of the Resolute desk, which Jimmy Carter brought back to the Oval Office to use as his presidential desk, is exhibited, as is his 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. Other rooms feature exhibits that explain the lives of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, and a short video focuses on the life of Jimmy Carter according to his friends, neighbors, and family.</p><br>
<h2>Boyhood home and farm</h2><br>
<p>The farm in rural Archery where Jimmy lived from age four in 1928 until he left for college in 1941 has been restored to its appearance before electricity was installed in 1938.</p><br>
<h2>Campaign headquarters</h2><br>
<p>The former Plains Train Depot, where Carter headquartered his presidential campaign, now serves as a museum focusing on the 1976 Presidential Campaign and Election.</p><br>
<h2>Carter home and burial site</h2><br>
<p>The current home of the Carters at 209 Woodland Drive, while not open to the public, is a part of the park. The Carters have lived in the home since 1961. During his presidency, it was used as his Summer White House.</p><br>
<p>Rosalynn Carter is buried on the grounds of the house by a willow tree on the lawn of the property. Jimmy Carter intends to be buried next to his late wife upon his death.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<h3>Plains train depot</h3><br>
<h3>Visitor center and museum</h3><br>
<h3>Carter boyhood farm</h3><br>
<p>The Meier & Frank Building is a fifteen-story, glazed terra cotta building located in downtown Portland, Oregon, across from the northeast corner of Pioneer Courthouse Square. The building is the former flagship store and headquarters building for the Meier & Frank department store chain, which was taken over by Macys in 2006. In 2006–2007, the buildings lower five floors were remodeled as a Macys, while the upper eleven floors were renovated in 2008 into a luxury hotel known as The Nines. Macys closed in April 2017 and the lower levels were rebuilt as office space.</p><br>
<p>The building site is a full block, bounded by SW Fifth and Sixth Avenues and Morrison and Alder Streets. The present building was constructed in stages, starting in 1909 with major expansions occurring in 1915 and 1932. It replaced an earlier Meier and Frank store built in 1898.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The project was the first major commission for prolific Portland architect, A. E. Doyle. Although the original commission was an annex to the original building, Doyle took a trip to Chicago with the companys co-founder Sigmund Frank to survey department stores. Frank was very impressed with what he saw, and plans for the building changed into a full-block fully modern department store. Franks death in 1910 ended those plans and resulted in the building&#39;s construction in piecemeal segments over several decades, which led to anomalous differences between which elevators and stairways reached other floors. However, A.E. Doyle first used glazed terra-cotta in this building, resulting in later use of it in many other Portland structures by his and other firms.</p><br>
<p>The building hosted the corporate headquarters of the Meier & Frank chain. After the acquisition of Meier and Frank by May Department Stores in 1966, the chain became a division which was based out of the former corporate offices.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building has been modernized over the years with few interior historic elements remaining. However, several notable exceptions to this were the Georgian Room restaurant and seasonal Santaland, both on the 10th floor (highest retail floor in the building). The historic Georgian Room had remained virtually unchanged for at least the last 50 years. Santaland, which closed after the 2005 Christmas season, was an annual holiday favorite for generations of Portland families. Santaland operated a "kiddie"-sized overhead monorail around the ceiling of Santaland; first installed in 1959, it last operated during the 2005 holiday season. There was also a holiday model railroad layout and Santa Clauses. Pneumatic tubes were used throughout the store to convey messages and money from upper to lower floors and back again. The remnants of this system could still be found in some stairwells and back areas.</p><br>
<p>The Meier & Frank Building featured the first escalator installation in Portland, and housed the company&#39;s own radio station. KFEC signed on the air October 19, 1922. The studio was on the 5th floor and was also used as the library and reading room for employees. The transmitter towers were atop the building. KFEC operated until March 22, 1929, when it was sold and moved to Yakima, Washington, which still operates today as KIT.</p><br>
<p>Until August 1962, the building at 223 ft was the second tallest in Portland after the Public Service Building. The building has two primary lower levels and a third service level beneath these. The first lower level was used for retail space until the mid-1980s. The levels beneath that were used for storage and various seasonal needs. The bank of hand-controlled elevators originally operated by store employees was closed to the public with the construction of new automatic elevators, but were still used to transport merchandise into the 1990s out of public view.</p><br>
<p>At its peak, the store housed everything from a pharmacy to a pet store. Actor Clark Gable worked in the store&#39;s tie department in 1922. Several delis and food vendors operated out of various levels. As demand for these services declined, the store changed focus. During the 1980s the store began to concentrate more on soft lines such as clothing, as well as small goods such as housewares. Several floors were modified to serve as corporate offices. Other floors were simply shut down and turned over to cold storage. The store was able to operate in this configuration until finally doomed by the development of the nearby Pioneer Place mall and increased competition from stores such as Saks Fifth Avenue and Nordstrom.</p><br>
<p>The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the May Company was acquired by Federated Department Stores, corporate parent of Macys and other chains. The Meier & Frank stores were renamed Macys in September 2006. Already in late 2005, a $100 million (~$ in ) renovation of the building began, and this was to include work to turn the top nine floors of the building into a 330-room luxury hotel called The Nines, a member of The Luxury Collection. Renovation of the Meier & Frank store in the lower floors of the building began first, in late 2005, and was still under way when the store was rebranded in September 2006 as a Macys (as were all other then-remaining Meier & Frank stores). Macys later decided to temporarily close the store, in order to accelerate the remodeling work, and the temporary closure began in December 2006. The remodeled stored, named Macy&#39;s at Meier and Frank Square, reopened on October 26, 2007. The hotel opened in late summer 2008.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, Macy&#39;s announced that it planned to close the store in spring 2017, because of declining sales. A clearance sale began in January, and the store closed permanently in April 2017. The lower five floors were rebuilt as office space.</p><br>
<p>In March 2018, Japanese retailer Muji announced they would be taking over 15,000 square feet in the building to open their first store in the Pacific Northwest.</p><br>
<h2>Other historic buildings</h2><br>
<p>Meier and Frank also owned and operated two other buildings in the downtown area, namely, the Delivery Depot and Warehouse, both of which are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Both structures have been transformed into other uses.</p><br>
<p>On August 18, 2010, Vestas Wind Systems, a Danish wind turbine manufacturer, announced that it will lease the historic Meier & Frank Delivery Depot in the Pearl District. After renovations completed in 2012, the 172,000 ft&sup2; space now houses the company&#39;s USA headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Thompson House  is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 90 Elm Street, in the North Woburn area of Woburn, Massachusetts. It is significant as the birthplace of scientist and inventor Benjamin Thompson , who became Count Rumford of the Holy Roman Empire as well as Sir Benjamin Thompson of the United Kingdom. His birthplace was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 in recognition of Rumford&#39;s scientific accomplishments, which notably include the development of the Rumford fireplace, a fireplace design that was significantly more efficient at retaining heat in the house than older and larger fireplaces.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rumford House is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a gambrel roof and a large central chimney. The exterior is sheathed in clapboards, and decoration is limited to a modest front door surround. The interior includes a great deal of well-preserved original hardware and woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1714 by Ebenezer Thompson. His grandson, Benjamin Thompson Jr., later to become Count Rumford, was born on March 26, 1753, in the west end of this house, which his parents had lived in since their marriage. Young Benjamin&#39;s father died on November 7, 1754, and he lived in the house with his grandfather and mother until she married Josiah Pierce Jr., of Woburn, and he was taken to live in his house.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Thompson was a Loyalist during the American Revolution, and fled the country in 1775 when the British evacuated Boston. He returned later in the war commanding the Kings American Dragoons, who saw action in the Southern states. He returned to England after the British surrender. He eventually settled for a time in the Holy Roman Empire, where he acquired the title of Count Rumford, and where he performed his groundbreaking research into the design of heating systems. This research resulted in a series of improvements to home heating systems, notably the Rumford fireplace, a shallow fireplace that more efficiently projected heat into a room than older and larger fireplaces. While in Munich, Thompson oversaw reforms of the indigent welfare system of Bavaria, and designed the citys famous English Garden. Thompson was also an inveterate and practical tinkerer, developing new versions of everyday utensils. He also proposed in 1799 the establishment in the United Kingdom of a research organization, which resulted in the founding of the Royal Institution. Although he never returned to the country of his birth, he did endow a professorial chair at Harvard College, and established the Rumford Prize, an annual award given by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He died in Paris in 1814.</p><br>
<h2>Current ownership</h2><br>
<p>The birthplace of Benjamin Thompson is now owned by the Rumford Historical Association, founded in 1877 to maintain it as a site of historic interest. In its museum are reconstructed models of Count Rumford&#39;s scientific experiments and inventions. A copy of a portrait of Count Rumford by Gainsborough is on display. The house also has a library of Rumford biographies and essays. It is open Sunday afternoons 1–4:30 pm from June through October and by appointment. Admission is free.</p><br>
<p>The King Caesar House is a historic house located at 120 King Caesar Road, Duxbury, Massachusetts. It is operated as a non-profit museum by the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Federal style house, completed in 1809, was built for Ezra Weston II (1772–1842) and his wife, Jerusha Bradford Weston (1770–1833). Like his father, Weston was known as "King Caesar" for his success in shipbuilding and shipping. During the 1830s and 1840s, the firm of E. Weston & Sons ran the largest mercantile operation on the South Shore of Massachusetts. In 1841, USA Senator Daniel Webster, during a speech in Saratoga Springs, New York, made the claim that Weston was "the largest ship owner, probably, in the United States."</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<h3>Weston family</h3><br>
<p>The Weston firm was established by Ezra Weston I (1743–1822) who began building small sloops and schooners on Powder Point in Duxbury in 1764. Ezra I earned the nickname "King Caesar" due to his audacious character and his influence on local politics. After his death, the nickname passed to his son Ezra II who greatly expanded the firms activities, built up a fleet of large sailing vessels, and made the Weston name known across the Atlantic. The firm experienced its heyday in the 1820s and 1830s during which Ezra Weston II presided as sole owner. The vessels built by the Weston firm varied widely in size and configuration, from the 25 ton schooner Sophia, to the ship Hope, launched in 1841 at 880 tons, the largest vessel built in Duxbury and the largest merchant vessel launched in Massachusetts up to that time. Although Ezra Weston II built many schooners for fishing and the coastal trade, the majority of his vessels were large brigs and ships which traded around the world. Over the course of three generations, the Weston firm built or otherwise acquired more than 110 sailing vessels.</p><br>
<p>From the King Caesar House, Ezra Weston II directed the affairs of his fleet and presided over a ten-acre shipyard, a farm, a ropewalk, a sailcloth mill, and a large work force of sailors, carpenters and laborers. After the death of Ezra Weston II in 1842, his three sons inherited the firm and continued to operate it until 1857. The firm&#39;s activities declined sharply after his death, however, and his sons evidently did not possess the same talent for business as "King Caesar."</p><br>
<p>The King Caesar House passed to the second son, Alden Bradford Weston (1805–1880). After the firm ceased operation, the family fortune was rapidly spent by Alden Weston&#39;s two brothers while Alden lived an austere lifestyle in the King Caesar House. Alden Weston married late in life but had no children. He died alone in the King Caesar House in 1880.</p><br>
<p>The house then fell to King Caesars grandchildren, Alden Westons nieces and nephews. Most of them lived in the Boston area and had little desire to keep the Duxbury mansion.</p><br>
<h3>Later owners</h3><br>
<p>In 1886, Frederick Bradford Knapp (1857–1932) purchased the King Caesar House and the surrounding estate. Knapp, former Superintendent of Buildings at Harvard College, aimed to establish a preparatory school, converting King Caesars barns into gymnasiums and classrooms. The school was known as the Powder Point School for Boys and quickly earned an excellent reputation. During this period, the King Caesar House served as the Headmasters House, and Knapp resided there with his family. The Powder Point School for Boys operated successfully for nearly 40 years but eventually merged with Tabor Academy in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Frederick B. Knapp died in 1932. By that time the mansion was in decline. His heirs sold it in 1937 to Dr. Hermon Carey Bumpus, Sr., former director of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, who thoroughly restored the mansion.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, the King Caesar House was purchased from Dr. Herman Carey Bumpus, Jr. by Miss Alice Moran, a lawyer from New York City who had lived there for years with an Austrian couple, Emil Weber and Elizabeth Weber-Fulop. After the three moved into the house, the servants quarter in the rear was converted into an artists studio for Weber-Fulop, who was a painter of high repute. Emil Weber and his wife, Elizabeth, both passed away in the mid -1960s, leaving Miss Moran alone. In 1966. she offered to sell the house to the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society. After a community fundraising effort, the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society procured the necessary funds to purchase and repair the house. On June 25, 1967, the King Caesar House was dedicated as a museum, "commemorative of the busy shipbuilding days of Duxbury."</p><br>
